A casualty-estimation framework has been proposed that incorporates building-scale, time-varying occupancy data (considering factors such as size, use, and time of day) into earthquake loss modeling. Information from Seumter building records is combined with KOSIS population data, and HAZUS modules are used to estimate both the baseline population and dynamic occupancy at the building level. Case studies have shown a close alignment with observed data, with no significant model flaws, indicating the framework’s operational readiness. This approach moves beyond broad administrative totals to provide micro-spatial resolution suitable for Korea’s rapid seismic attenuation and localized damage patterns. It enables accurate, time-sensitive casualty estimates. The framework is designed to be scalable to include additional data sources, such as mobility, transportation, and activity patterns. It supports effective evacuation and shelter planning, surge capacity management, and prioritization of retrofitting, leading to more efficient resource allocation. Furthermore, the framework provides a consistent method to integrate future data streams and quantify uncertainty without disrupting the core workflow.

This study investigates the flow resistance and heat transfer characteristics of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger, applied to a water-cooled thermal management system designed for a cabinet-mounted high-performance computer operating aboard naval vessels. The analysis was conducted through both experimental and numerical approaches, focusing on the evaluation of heat transfer performance (j factor) and flow resistance (f factor) under varying air flow rates, while maintaining a fixed fin geometry and arrangement. Particular emphasis was placed on assessing the variation of the j factor along the total length of the heat exchanger to understand the impact of exchanger length on thermal performance. In the numerical analysis, instead of modeling the entire heat exchanger, a representative repeated unit composed of a single fin and twelve connected tubes was simulated. The outlet temperature from each tube segment was sequentially used as the inlet condition for the subsequent segment. This methodology significantly enhances computational efficiency while providing reliable predictions of progressive thermal characteristics along the flow path.

본 연구의 목적은 기업 인사담당자의 코칭 인식 유형을 도출하고 유형별 특 성을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 코칭에 대한 관점, 경험, 인지도 등 개인의 주 관성을 연구하기 적합한 Q방법론을 활용하였다. 기업 인사업무와 코칭 인식 관 련 진술을 기반으로 Q 모집단을 구성하고 비구조화된 Q표본 40개를 추출하였 다. P표본은 코칭 개념을 인지한 현직 인사담당자 22명으로 선정하였다. 진술문 40개를 강제 분포 방식으로 분류하고 Ken-Q Analysis로 분석한 결과, 인식 유 형은 4가지로 도출되었다. 유형 1은 ‘실행 중심 문화구축 인식형’, 유형 2는 ‘전문 성 중심 조직변화 인식형’, 유형 3은 ‘개인 성찰 중심 내적변화 인식형’이며, 유형 4는 ‘실용 도구 중심 인재개발 인식형’으로 나타났다. 인사담당자의 코칭에 대한 인식은 코칭을 인사 실무의 역량 요소이자 업무 방식으로 이해할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 특히 코칭을 인재개발 도구로 인식하는 수준을 넘어, 영입·유지·활용 등 전반에 적용하기 위한 인식 확장이 요구된다. 또한 벤처 및 중소기업에서도 코칭 인식 제고와 실효성 검증을 위한 후속 연구가 필요하다.

본 연구에서는 TMD 설계 방법에 따른 배관의 지진응답 감소효과를 분석하였다. 구체적으로, 실제 원전 배관에 대한 진동대 시험 결과를 바탕으로 수치 배관 모델을 수립하고 검증하였다. 검증된 배관 모델을 바탕으로 TMD 설치 위치를 결정하고, 여러 가지 방법을 사용하여 TMD 설계값을 도출하였다. 더불어, 본 연구에서는 기존 설계식들을 기하평균한 값을 TMD 설계값으로 활용하였다. 최종적으로, 기존 배관을 기반으로 설계된 TMD가 지진의 무작위성과 지진 및 대상물질의 불확실성 아래에서도 효용성을 검증하였다. 또한, 연구에서 제안한 기하평균 모델을 기반으로 설계된 TMD의 작동성을 확인하였다. 결과적으로, TMD 설계 공식 및 방법에 따른 성능 차이를 비교한 결과, 기하평균 모델의 경우, 기존 설계식들의 특징을 포괄하는 양상이 보였다. 이러한 기하평균 모델은 추후 반복 적인 수치해석을 수행할 때 초기값으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 더불어, 이러한 분석 결과는 향후 원전 배관 계통의 TMD 설계 를 통해 내진 성능을 개선하는 데 유용한 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, we performed optical simulations for two light sources: internal and external electrode light sources. Based on the optical simulation results, we created a practical design to verify the design validity and extract optimal design factors for each light source. The three key geometric variables in the design of a direct-lit flat panel light source are the distance between the two lamps, the distance between the lamps and the reflector, and the number of lamps. These variables significantly impact the optical design and determine various characteristics of the flat panel light source system. In this study, we used a 26 mm distance between the two lamps, a 4.5 mm distance between the lamps and the reflector, and a total of 20 lamps to derive optimal values for these variables. Under these conditions, we created a practical design and evaluated its performance, achieving an excellent flat panel light source with a central luminance of 6,423 nits and a luminance uniformity of less than 5%. This study demonstrates that optical simulation techniques are an effective method for designing a surface-emitting light source system for medical LCDs, demonstrating the feasibility of achieving high performance while maintaining a low cost.

This study utilized ray tracing and back-ray tracing to optimally design road lighting for optimal visibility for drivers and pedestrians at night. While conventional road lighting focuses on ensuring sufficient brightness, recent developments require diverse characteristics beyond brightness to ensure optimal visibility for drivers and pedestrians, including reduced glare and uniform ground luminance. Existing road lighting was inadequate for drivers and pedestrians due to serious issues such as glare and uneven illumination. To address these issues, moving beyond capacitance-centric design methods and understanding the path light takes to reach the road surface is crucial. Optical simulation, which assumes a sufficient number of rays, is essential for achieving this goal. To achieve these goals, this study explored the application of ray tracing to the design of road lighting reflectors. Design goals such as uniformity of road area per single light, shading angle, and continuous luminance uniformity over long distances were established. Ray tracing was used to design the ideal road lighting conditions. Back-ray tracing was then used to design the road lighting reflectors. By reducing light loss, power consumption was reduced by almost half while achieving the same brightness on the road, and the shading angle was 75 degrees and the brightness uniformity of the road area was 0.6, achieving the ideal design criteria.

본고는 조선시대 영진보성 중 고고학적 조사를 통해 체성의 축조방법을 확인할 수 있 는 23개의 성곽으로 외벽부(지대석, 기단석 쌓기방법)와 내벽부 축조방법에 대한 형식 을 설정 및 조합하여 유형을 분류하였으며, 결과적으로 출토유물과 문헌기록을 통해 수 축을 감안한 각 유형의 시간성을 파악한 논문이다. 그 결과, 기단석은 눕혀쌓기(Ⅰ)→섞어쌓기(Ⅱ)→세워쌓기(Ⅲ)→막쌓기(Ⅳ), 내벽부는 석축계단식(A)→석축다짐식(B)→토사다짐식(C), 지대석은 1단(a)→2단(b)→퇴화과정(c) 으로 변화한다는 대체적인 시간의 경향성이 확인되었다. 시기설정은 유형이 집중적으 로 출현하는 시점을 기준으로 하여, ⅠAa·ⅠBa·ⅡAa(1기)→ⅢBb·ⅢBa·ⅢCa(2기)→Ⅳ Ca(3기)→ⅣCc·ⅠBc(4기)유형으로 변화하는 대체적인 시간성을 보인다. 1기는 15세기 초에 해당하며, 고려시대 축성방법의 전통이 조선 건국 이후에도 계승 되면서 영향을 끼친 것으로 생각된다. 이 시기에 수군의 성곽은 확인되지 않는다. 2기 는 15세기 후반~17세기 중반에 해당하나, 15세기 후반~16세기 전반에 절대적으로 집중 되어 있다. 이는 본격적인 축성 논의와 삼포왜란을 거치면서 축성사업이 의욕적으로 진 행된 결과로 생각된다. 3기는 17세기 전반에 해당하며, 이전 시기와 달리 기단석 쌓기방 법에서 확연한 차이를 보인다. 이 시기는 기단석 쌓기방법 Ⅳ형식으로 대표되기 때문에 임진왜란 이후인 17세기를 상한으로 한다. 4기는 17세기 후반 이후에 해당한다. 이 시기 에는 기단석 쌓기방법 Ⅰ·Ⅳ형식과 내벽 축조방법 B·C형식 등 많은 형식이 동시에 확인 되어 기준이 없어 보이기도 하나, 무엇보다 지대석에서 확연하게 구분된다. 따라서 영진보성 축조에 있어 1기는 조선건국(태조 1년, 1392)부터 15세기 전반, 2기 는 15세기 후반부터 16세기 전반, 3기는 17세기 전반, 4기는 17세기 후반 이후로 설정할 수 있다.

In the era of big data, where massive volumes of information are collected at high velocity from various sources, data mining has become a crucial tool for organizations seeking competitive advantage. Among its core tasks, clustering plays a key role in uncovering hidden patterns within unlabeled data by grouping similar objects into distinct clusters. Widely used methods such as k-means and its robust counterpart PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids) require the number of clusters, k, to be predefined—a task that remains a major challenge despite extensive research. This study addresses the problem of selecting the optimal number of clusters by proposing three novel enhancements to the widely-used gap statistic method: the 1stDaccSEmax heuristic rule, the recursive gap strategy, and the two-way bootstrapping technique. Collectively termed the new gap, this approach aims to overcome the limitations of the original gap statistic, particularly in datasets with overlapping clusters, hierarchical structures, or large volumes. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets—including Iris, Breast Cancer, Seeds, and Khan gene expression datasets—demonstrate that the new gap method outperforms traditional techniques such as the elbow method, silhouette analysis, and the original gap statistic in both accuracy and computational efficiency. Although PAM was used throughout the experiments for its robustness, the proposed approach is algorithm-agnostic and can be integrated with other clustering methods that require the selection of k. The results suggest that the new gap method provides a more reliable and scalable solution for determining the number of clusters, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of clustering-based data analysis in real-world applications.

‘Efficiency,’ a key performance factor of an organization, is affected by various factors in addition to ‘cost-benefit,’ which can be measured. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a method to evaluate the relative efficiency of an organization by simultaneously considering various factors that are difficult to measure. The significance of this study is that it presents a ‘method for developing an efficiency performance indicator using DEA’ and provides a practical application plan for inefficient organizations (DMUs) to develop and manage appropriate performance indicators to improve efficiency. It presents a methodology for performing research procedures ranging from selection of input and output variables, correlation analysis, DEA execution, calculation of virtual efficiency units (VEUs) through the latent price of the reference group (DMU), and derivation of efficiency performance indicators of the organization.

This study presents a truck classification method using panoramic side-view images to meet the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport’s 12-category standard (types 4–12). The system captures a vehicle’s full side profile via a panoramic imaging device, ensuring complete wheel visibility. A YOLOv12-based deep learning model detects wheels, and image processing extracts their center coordinates. Pixel distances between adjacent wheels are calculated and normalized to determine axle spacing patterns, which, together with wheel count, are applied to a rule-based classifier. Tests on 1,200 real-world panoramic truck images (1,000 for training, 200 for testing) achieved a mean average precision of 96.1% for wheel detection and 90.5% overall classification accuracy. The method offers explainable classification through measurable structural features, supporting applications in smart tolling, road usage billing, overloading enforcement, and autonomous vehicle perception.

Overloaded and improperly loaded trucks cause serious road hazards, such as rollovers and cargo falls. Although automatic enforcement methods are being studied, they face challenges in accuracy and legal application. Thus, a technology for direct tracking and enforcement is needed. This study uses EfficientNet to extract features of vehicles and license plates, and applies cosine similarity to identify the same vehicle. Comparisons were divided into “same vehicle” and “similar vehicle,” with a threshold-based method and five classification types. Results showed that the average similarity of the same vehicle group was 0.11 higher than that of the similar vehicle group. The accuracy of correctly identifying the same vehicle was 84.54%. Integrating OCR or LPR is expected to further improve tracking performance.

Purpose: This study applied a mixed-methods design to examine the effects of the nurse shift system improvement pilot project, organized by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, on ward nurses’ quality of life, job satisfaction, and patient safety nursing activities, as well as to explore their overall evaluation of the project through in-depth interviews. Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, this study simultaneously conducted quantitative analyses of ward nurses’ quality of life, job satisfaction, and patient safety nursing activities, along with qualitative research through in-depth interviews to explore overall perceptions of the nurse shift system improvement pilot project. Results: Patient safety nursing activities showed a significant positive correlations with quality of life (r=.24, p=.017) and job satisfaction (r=.21, p=.038). There was also a significant positive correlation between quality of life and job satisfaction (r=.63, p<.001). As a result of the qualitative analysis, eight facilitating factors and five hindering factors related to the pilot project were identified. Conclusion: Through the research, the effectiveness of the pilot project and the factors influencing nurses were identified. Accordingly, strategies are needed to enhance patient safety nursing activities by improving nurses’ quality of life and job satisfaction in pilot project wards.