PURPOSES : This study aimed to predict the number of future COVID-19 confirmed cases more accurately using public and transportation big data and suggested priorities for introducing major policies by region. METHODS : Prediction analysis was performed using a long short-term memory (LSTM) model with excellent prediction accuracy for time-series data. Random forest (RF) classification analysis was used to derive regional priorities and major influencing factors. RESULTS : Based on the daily number of COVID-19 confirmed cases from January 26 to December 12, 2020, as well as the daily number of confirmed cases in Gyeonggi Province, which was expected to occur on December 24 and 25, depending on social distancing, the accuracy of the LSTM artificial neural network was approximately 95.8%. In addition, as a result of deriving the major influencing factors of COVID-19 through random forest classification analysis, according to the number of people, social distancing stages, and masks worn, Bucheon, Yongin, and Pyeongtaek were identified as regions expected to be at high risk in the future. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this study can help predict pandemics such as COVID-19.

PURPOSES : This study defines private and public service providers connected to a public data hub in a smart city and examines the information that should be exchanged between them. The information exchange scheme covers data exchange at a minimum level. METHODS : First, we reviewed the entities participating in the emergency charging service and designed the scope of information linkages between the entities. Second, we diagnosed the main information linkages according to a service flowchart. Third, we reviewed the basic information requirements linked to actors participating in the service. Finally, we derived and presented information linked to the subjects. RESULTS : In addition to the basic requirements, the number of data-exchange information sets specified was four, which was the scope of the aforementioned study. We defined and analyzed an efficient information exchange system between various actors involved in emergency charging services. Data were defined based on interactions between service users, operators, providers, and data hubs. Each set had a different scope and purpose. CONCLUSIONS : Information collected and provided by emergency charging service providers in connection with a data hub that manages urban energy was proposed.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to develop a transportation-energy linkage model and performance evaluation indicators to improve the sustainability operation and technology of smart city transportation-energy services. METHODS : This study derived a new transportation-energy linkage system model for 15 services designated by the national pilot city. Evaluation indicators for energy-oriented transportation services in smart cities were selected, and a methodological framework was proposed for selecting quantitative evaluation indicators based on text mining and importance-performance analysis (IPA). RESULTS : Twenty indicators, confirmed as crucial for successful transportation-energy linkage in smart cities, were selected. These covered data linkage between services, IoT-based information linkage driving rate, and network and energy efficiency indicators. The proposed quantitative methodological framework can complement expert subjective evaluation by identifying meaningful implications in research literature that experts may have missed. The methodology can consistently derive indicators even when new services are added, aiding policymakers’ decisions. CONCLUSIONS : The methodological framework can contribute to minimizing operational risks in smart city transportation-energy expansion. It can also be used to prioritize service investment in smart cities by estimating benefit effects through quantitative indicators.

This study attempted to provide implications by analyzing the impact of business Owner’s safety commitment on industrial accidents and examining the mediating role of management supervisors’ safety leadership and worker participation. Analysis was conducted on 2,067 manufacturing sites with 20 to 50 employees in the 10th Occupational Safety and Health Survey data. SPSS waw used to secure the reliability of the measurement variable. Hypothesis vertification was carried out after securing the suitability and validity of the structural model using AMOS. The direct impact of three latent variables on industrial accidents was confirmed: the business owner’s safety commitment, the management supervisor’s safety leadership, and the worker participation. The employer’s safety will and the management supervisor’s safety leadership do not directly affect industial accidents, but it has been verified that worker participation has a diret impact on industrial accident reduction. In addition, it has been confirmed that the safety leadership and worker participation of the management. Supervior have a complete mediating effect on the reduction of industrial accidents by mediating with the safety leadership of the management supervior and the participation of the workers. This study analyzed the impact on industrial accidents by dividing the stakeholders constituting the workplace into three classes: business owners, superviors, and workers, but the results suggest that employers and all workers inside the workplace may be organically linked to achieving the goal of reducing industrial accidents. Therefore, in order to establish an autonomous safety management system for safety and health at workerplaces, efforts are needed to reduce industrial accidents in their respective location by forming an organic community among internal stakeholders.

In this research, a new Test and Evaluation (T&E) procedure for defense AI systems is proposed to fill the existing gap in established methodologies. This proposed concept incorporates a data-based performance evaluation, allowing for independent assessment of AI model efficacy. It then follows with an on-site T&E using the actual AI system. The performance evaluation approach adopts the project promotion framework from the defense acquisition system, outlining 10 steps for R&D projects and 9 steps for procurement projects. This procedure was crafted after examining AI system testing standards and guidelines from both domestic and international civilian sectors. The validity of each step in the procedure was confirmed using real-world data. This study's findings aim to offer insightful guidance in defense T&E, particularly in developing robust T&E procedures for defense AI systems.

This study used optical and scanning electron microscopy to analyze the surface oxidation phenomenon that accompanies a γ'-precipitate free zone in a directional solidified CM247LC high temperature creep specimen. Surface oxidation occurs on nickel-based superalloy gas turbine blades due to high temperature during use. Among the superalloy components, Al and Cr are greatly affected by diffusion and movement, and Al is a major component of the surface oxidation products. This out-diffusion of Al was accompanied by γ' (Ni3Al) deficiency in the matrix, and formed a γ'-precipitate free zone at the boundary of the surface oxide layer. Among the components of CM247LC, Cr and Al related to surface oxidation consist of 8 % and 5.6 %, respectively. When Al, the main component of the γ' precipitation phase, diffused out to the surface, a high content of Cr was observed in these PFZs. This is because the PFZ is made of a high Cr γ phase. Surface oxidation of DS CM247LC was observed in high temperature creep specimens, and γ'-rafting occurred due to stress applied to the creep specimens. However, the stress states applied to the grip and gauge length of the creep specimen were different, and accordingly, different γ'-rafting patterns were observed. Such surface oxidation and PFZ and γ'-rafting are shown to affect CM247LC creep lifetime. Mapping the microstructure and composition of major components such as Al and Cr and their role in surface oxidation, revealed in this study, will be utilized in the development of alloys to improve creep life.

Bioreactors are devices used by sewage treatment plants to process sewage and which produce active sludge, and sediments separated by solid-liquid are treated in anaerobic digestion tanks. In anaerobic digestion tanks, the volume of active sludge deposits is reduced and biogas is produced. After dehydrating the digestive sludge generated after anaerobic digestion, anaerobic digested wastewater, which features a high concentration of organic matters, is generated. In this study, the decomposition of organic carbon and nitrogen was studied by advanced oxidation process. Ozone-microbubble flotation process was used for oxidation pretreatment. During ozonation, the TOC decreased by 11.6%. After ozone treatment, the TOC decreased and the removal rate reached 80.4% as a result of the Ultra Violet-Advanced Oxidation Process (UV-AOP). The results with regard to organic substances before and after treatment differed depending on the organic carbon index, such as CODMn, CODCr, and TOC. Those indexes did not change significantly in ozone treatment, but decreased significantly after the UV-AOP process as the linkage treatment, and were removed by up to 39.1%, 15.2%, and 80.4%, respectively. It was confirmed that biodegradability was improved according to the ratio of CODMn to TOC. As for the nitrogen component, the ammonia nitrogen component showed a level of 3.2×102 mg/L or more, and the content was maintained at 80% even after treatment. Since most of the contaminants are removed from the treated water and its transparency is high, this water can be utilized as a resource that contains high concentrations of nitrogen.

Almost all of the water from agricultural dams located to the upper of the Yeongsan river is supplied as irrigation water for farmland and thus is not discharged to the main stream of the river. Also, most of the irrigation water does not return to the river after use, adding to the lack of flow in the main stream. As a result, the water quality and aquatic health of the river have become the poorest among the four major rivers in Korea. Therefore, in this study, several strategies for water quality improvement of the river were developed considering pollution reduction and flow rate increase, and their effect analysis was performed using a water quality model. The results of this study showed that the target water quality of the Yeongsan river could be achieved if flow increase strategies (FISs) are intensively pursued in parallel with pollution reduction. The reason is because the water quality of the river has been steadily improved through pollution reduction but this method is now nearing the limit. In addition, rainfall-related FISs such as dam construction and water distribution adjustment may be less effective or lost if a megadrought continues due to climate change and then rainfall does not occur for a long time. Therefore, in the future, if the application conditions for the FISs are similar, the seawater desalination facility, which is independent of rainfall, should be considered as the priority installation target among the FISs. The reason is that seawater desalination facilities can replace the water supply function of dams, which are difficult to newly build in Korea, and can be useful as a climate change adaptation facility by preventing water-related disasters in the event of a long-term megadrought.

In order to solve the rapidly increasing domestic delivery volume and various problems in the recent metropolitan area, domestic researchers are conducting research on the development of “Urban Logistics System Using Underground Space” using existing urban railway facilities in the city. Safety analysis and scenario analysis should be performed for the safe system design of the new concept logistics system, but the scenario analysis techniques performed in previous studies so far do not have standards and are defined differently depending on the domain, subject, or purpose. In addition, it is necessary to improve the difficulty of clearly defining the control structure and the omission of UCA in the existing STPA safety analysis. In this study, an improved scenario table is proposed for the AGV horizontal transport device, which is a key equipment of an urban logistics system using underground space, and a process model is proposed by linking systematic STPA safety analysis and scenario analysis, and UCA and Control Structure Guidelines are provided to create a safety analysis.

본 논문은 남북 정상회담에서 합의했고, 문재인 전 대통령이 유엔연설 에서 여러 차례 제의한 종전선언을 북한이 받아들이지 않은 이유를 김일 성이 밝힌 ‘3대혁명역량강화방침’에 입각해서 추론한 것이다. ‘북조선 혁 명역량강화’에서는 핵무력을 보유한 군사적 역량은 어느 때보다 강하지 만 국제제재와 경제난으로 주민들의 불만이 고조되는 등 정치·경제적 역 량은 매우 약화되었다. 이러한 체제내구력 보완을 위해 ‘강한 외부의 적’ 인 ‘미 제국주의’가 필요하므로 평화체제로 전환하는 첫 단계인 종전선언 카드를 받지 못한 것으로 볼 수 있다. ‘남조선 혁명역량강화’에서는 ‘이 석기 내란 선동 사건’처럼 제도권 침투를 비롯해 노동, 교육, 문화, 종교 계 등 사회 저변에 친북·반미 의식이 폭넓게 퍼져있다. 따라서 미-북 간 종전선언으로 인해 평화체제로 전환된다면 반미 명분이 약화되어 70여 년간 축적된 남한의 혁명역량이 치명적 타격을 받을 수 있다. ‘국제 혁명 역량강화’의 핵심은 국제사회에서 반제·반미 통일전선을 형성하여 미국을 고립시켜 궁극적으로 ‘혁명의 가장 큰 장애물’인 주한미군을 철수시키는 것이다. 미-북 간 종전선언이 합의된다면 적대관계가 청산되어 미국을 비롯한 반제·반미 이데올로기로 연대한 ‘국제 혁명역량’이 와해될 수도 있다. 따라서 향후 북한은 자체의 힘으로 충분한 대미 핵 억제력 및 체 제 내구력을 갖추고, 전술핵무기와 배합된 남조선 혁명역량을 완비할 때 까지 ‘종전선언 카드’를 받지 않을 것으로 전망된다.

This experiment was carried out to examine double cropping system using Italian ryegrass (IRG) 'Kowinearly', whole crop rice 'Yeongwoo' and barnyard millet 'Jeju native' during the Oct. 2020 to Oct. 2022. Three kinds of forage crops were cultivated at paddy field in Livestock Institute, Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jeollanamdo, South Korea. Whole crop rice (WCR) was sown in late May and barnyard millet (BM) sown early June each year after harvesting IRG. We examined dry matter yield and feed value of forage crops depending on harvest time of forage crops during the experimental period. The plant height in heading stage of IRG ranged from 108 to 112cm and dry matter yield ranged from 6,783 to 11,530 kg ha-1. The crude protein (CP) of IRG ranged from 6.0 to 8.44%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) ranged from 55.6 to 60.2% and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ranged from 32.58 to 36.7%, The dry matter yield of WCR increased as the harvest stage was delayed (14,310 kg ha-1 in milk, 16,167 kg ha-1 in yellow ripen, and 18,891 kg ha-1 in mature). Similar to results of dry matter yield of WCR, dry matter yield of BM increased as the harvest stage was delayed (11,194 kg ha-1 in late heading. and 14,308 kg ha-1 in mature), However nutrient content of WCR and BM showed a decreasing trend. As shown in above results, the productivity of WCR after harvesting IRG was shown to be high at paddy field in the southern region. However, BM also was appeared to have potential as summer forage crops.

In order to cultivate manpower for the growth of future industries, it is necessary to develop an industry-academic-linked curriculum and a cross-curriculum beyond the existing traditional curriculum. Based on the theory acquired through the mixed curriculum of existing and industry-academic-linked curriculum, a curriculum that can analyze and solve the problems of resource circulation supply chain companies is developed to cultivate manpower suitable for future industries. The industry-academia-linked subject mixed project curriculum was designed asa basic theory, exploration, and problem-solving subject. The basic theory-related subject models and evaluates the current problems of resource circulation companies from the perspective of the supply chain in consideration of the supply chain necessary for the manufacturing process related to resource circulation. The search-related subject explores and evaluates field problems (difficulty technology) of companies related to resource circulation. Problem-solving-related subjects solve problems by applying methodologies to field problems of companies related to resource circulation. This curriculum was developed to model and solve problems through a complex perspective by developing an industry-academic-linked project curriculum and cross-subject development with other schools to solve complex field problems that need to be considered for the growth of future industries related to resource circulation. Through the continuous development of project subjects and cross-curriculars, we expect development in the field of manufacturing and supply chains for resource circulation by fostering talents suitable for the acceptance of companies.

코로나19라는 전 지구적 위기 발생 이후 지속가능발전목표(SDGs) 관 련 논의에 새로운 접근이 요구되었다. 특히 재원 발굴, 정책 효과성 문제 해결을 위한 개발 파트너십 확대 필요성이 논의되면서 인적·물적 자원, 기술을 보유한 기업이 주요 행위자로 대두되었지만 SDGs 이행 과정에서 기업의 역할에 대한 학문적 논의는 부족하다. 본 연구는 개발 파트너십 의 개념과 등장 배경, 기업이 주목받는 원인을 소개하고, 기업의 사회적 책임(CSR)을 국제개발협력 관점에서 분석하여 개발파트너십 확대에 관한 이론적 근거를 밝히고자 하였다. 주주 중심론, 이해관계자 중심론, 기업 시민론적 관점을 통합한 이론적 분석틀을 토대로 기업의 ESG와 SDGs의 연계를 제안하여 개발파트너십 확대에 관한 정책적 함의를 도출하였다. 기업이 개발 파트너십에 능동적으로 참여하기 위해서는 SDGs 이행참여 를 통한 ESG 성과 향상이 ESG 투자 확대를 유발한다는 주주 중심론, 긍정적인 기업 이미지를 창출한다는 이해관계자 중심론, 기업의 ESG 목 표와 SDGs의 연계가 국제규범과의 정합도를 향상시킨다는 기업시민론적 논의를 통합하여 기업에게 제공할 유인책을 고려할 필요가 있다.

Research on the birth (起源) and names (語源) of foods such as kimchi is important to understand traditional food culture. kimchi, an ‘add flavored, fermented, pickled, vegetable food’ was initially prepared with the simple purpose of increasing storage capabilities, but later, through a complex process of change, morphological diversification occurred. In addition to the basic name of ‘kimchi’, each variety has its unique name and history. This study was conducted through qualitative research using various research methods, such as oral records and interviews, as well as investigation of data from literature, including ancient literature, modern cookbooks, newspapers, magazines, papers, and videos. The study sought to investigate the context and the meaning of the name Chonggak kimchi. In addition, it is a compilation of how the name spread through the ages and evolved to its current name. The name Chonggak kimchi did not exist during the Joseon Dynasty and Japanese occupation and first appeared in the records in the late 1950s. Nevertheless, the original name of ‘Altarimu kimchi’ evolved and finally became a part of the standard Korean language (標準語) in 1988. In the process of the name spreading and becoming popular, the movie “Chonggak kimchi (1964),” starring Shin, S.I., and Eom, A.R. played a significant role. It was also confirmed that this was a meaningful and valuable case of contentization of traditional food culture, regardless of the intention behind the same.

북한의 채소류 생산량은 2001∼2010년 연평균 377만 톤 이었으나, 2011∼2020년 동안 340만 톤으로 10% 이상 하락한 것으로 알려졌다(KOSIS 북한통계, FAOSTAT). 주요 채소류는 양배추, 토마토, 호박, 오이, 가지, 고추, 양파/파, 마늘, 수박 등이며 전체 재배면적에 대한 정확한 통계 데이터는 제공되지 않는다. 본 연구는 북한의 식량 부족 해결을 위한 식량작물과 대표적인 채소작물인 고 추의 작부체계 연계 가능성 평가를 실시하였다. 전작물인 식량작물 밀, 보리를 6 월 하순 경 수확하고 후작물로 7월 상순에 고추를 재배하였다. 재배시험은 국립식 량과학원 연천시험지(연천군 도신면 신서리 11)에서 수행하였으며, 이 지역의 기 상환경은 북한 남서부지역과 유사하여 이 지역의 약 50%에서 적용이 가능할 것으 로 판단하였다. 고추 6품종은 2021.6.7. 육묘트레이에 파종하여 30일간 육묘한 후 7.6. 연천시험 지에 정식하였다. 파종 후 첫 꽃은 36∼37일 후에 피었으며, 개화 소요 일수(파종 후 첫 꽃이 80% 개화)는‘PR진대건’이 53일,‘아시아점보’,‘신통방통’등 5품 종은 51일이 소요되었다. 홍고추 1차 수확은 개화 후 64일(9.28., GDD 889℃) 경과 되었을 때 가능하였는데 수확량은 많지 않았다. 2차 수확은 10.13.(GDD 1,041℃)에 하였으며, 수확 당시 전체 착과된 과 중에서 홍고추 비율은 품종별 12.3∼39.9%로 수확 못한 청고추의 비율이 훨씬 높았다. 보통 건고추용 홍고추 수확까지는 개화 후 GDD 1,000∼1,300(45∼50일) 정도 소요되는 것으로 알려져 있으며 농가에서는 3∼5회 정도 수확한다. 본 연구에서는 정식 후 홍고추 2차 수확기까지의 GDD는 1,430℃(7.5.∼10.15.)로 2회 정도 수확이 가능하였으나, 10.17. 최저기온이 –3.5℃로 떨어져서 더 이상 홍고추 수확이 불가능 하였다. 결론적으로 식량작물인 밀, 보리 후작으로 고추를 재배하여 홍고추를 생산하는 작부체계는 재배안전성 및 연계성 이 낮음을 확인하였다.

장관은 대통령의 국정 운영 파트너이자, 주요 행정부처의 수장이다. 이 에 본 연구는 민주화 이후 역대 장관의 충원 패턴에 대해 살펴보고, 덧 붙여 정부 운영의 안정성을 위해 장관의 재임 기간에 영향을 미치는 요 인을 전문성 요인과 대통령-장관 연계 요인에 주목하여 경험적으로 분석 하였다. 민주화 이후 장관직을 역임한 총 489명을 대상으로 데이터를 구 축하였고, 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 충원 패턴을 살펴본 결과 개인 적 특성 요인에 있어서는 남성이 다수였고, 평균 연령은 약 58세였으며, 학력은 높은 수준이었다. 둘째, 전문성 요인에 있어서 장관들은 대체로 전공 및 경력 등에 있어서 소속 부처와 일치된 전문성을 보유하고 있었 다. 셋째, 대통령-장관 연계 요인과 관련하여 정실주의적 요인으로는 출 신 학교보다는 출신 지역에 있어서 대통령과의 연관성이 다소 나타났으 며, 엽관주의 요인으로 동일 정당 활동 여부가 장관 인선에 영향을 미쳤 을 가능성이 존재한다는 것을 확인하였다. 넷째, 장관의 평균 재임 기간 은 약 1년 3개월로 다른 국가에 비해 짧은 수준이었다. 마지막으로, 장 관의 재임 기간에 영향을 미치는 요인을 회귀분석한 결과, 장관의 전문 성 요인의 영향력이 가장 크게 나타났다.

In this study, the adsorption/desorption performance of toluene was evaluated using zeolite adsorbent to replace activated carbon with one-off and ignition characteristics. For the proper operation of the VOCs adsorption/desorption and condensate recovery steps, the operating range by various adsorption/desorption temperatures was selected. The adsorbent is a bead-type zeolite, which was put into an adsorption tower of 10 LPM scale. As a result, it was demonstrated that 0.079 mg/g was adsorbed at a low temperature (20°C) during adsorption. In the case of desorption, it was found that VOCs adsorbed on the adsorbent were completely recovered after the desorption operation at 220°C for about 160 minutes. However, in the heating rate step for desorption, it was not possible to maintain an appropriate heating rate by filling the tower with zeolite. This was complemented by applying a copper plate with high thermal conductivity, and it was shown that the time was shortened by about 10 minutes or more. When VOCs are emitted at high concentrations during the desorption process, they can be reused as energy resources through low-temperature maintenance, and a condensation method was attempted. The efficiency of condensing chiller (cooler) with temperature control and liquid nitrogen condensing was compared. It was found that the chiller condensing efficiency increased as the temperature decreased. In the case of liquid nitrogen condensation, the liquid nitrogen temperature was maintained at -196°C, showing a stable efficiency of 90%.