안창호가 ‘민족대업의 기초’, 즉 민족의 독립을 준비하기 위해 가장 정력적으로 추진한 것은 민족운동의 인재양성을 위한 興士團이었다. 이것은 그가 “우리 민족이 완전히 부흥하여 생존번영을 누리고 나아가 서 전체 인류사회의 공존공영에 공헌을 짓는 대 사명을 달성하는 유일한 길은 오직 흥사단의 주장”이라고 한데서도 알 수 있다. 그는 “흥사 단이 한발짝 한발짝씩 실력을 양성 강화하는 것은 한발짝 한발짝씩 조 선독립에 접근하는 것이고 최후에는 조선의 완전한 독립을 얻는 것으로 생각하여 흥사단을 조직하고 그 운동을 계속한 것이다”라고 밝힌 바 있다. 1913년 5월 13일 미국 샌프란시스코에서 8도 대표들이 참석하여 창단된 흥사단은 務實․力行․忠義․勇敢의 정신으로 덕성을 함양하고 신체를 단련하여 기력을 튼튼하게 하며 각자 전문지식 또는 과학기술을 습득하고 건전한 인격을 기른다는 실천방안을 제시했다. 창립 이후 흥사단은 단우의 모집에 주력하면서 실업을 장려하는 정책에 따라 북미실업회사와 흥업회사 등을 세우기도 했다. 안창호는 3․1운동 뒤 대한민국임시정부에서 활동할 때에도 상해지 역을 중심으로 중국본토는 물론 남북만주와 일본 및 연해주 지역까지를 포괄하는 흥사단 원동위원부를 조직했다. 흥사단 조직 확대운동은 1920년 9월에 상해에 원동위원부가 조직된 것을 시작으로 북경과 남경, 만주 등지에서 펼치려던 이상촌 건설운동과도 표리를 이루면서 1932년 4월 상해에서 일경에 체포될 때까지 계속되었다. 따라서 (수양)동우회는 원동위원부의 흥사단 국내지부였다. 물론 일 제의 직접 통치하에서의 흥사단운동이었기 때문에 될수록 인격수양 단 체임을 표방하고 합법적인 활동에 주력할 수밖에 없었는데, 안창호는 이러한 한계를 가질 수밖에 없는 (수양)동우회에 대하여 국내의 동지 들을 통해 깊은 관심과 애정을 가지고 간접적으로 지도하였다. 본고에 서는 (수양)동우회의 조직과 노선에 대한 안창호의 노선을 그가 체포 되는 1932년 이전까지를 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다.

The objects of this study are to find out (1) real situation of the food supply in prison under Imperial Government of Japan more cleary (historical meaning) and (2) which might help in understanding wrong present food consumption patterns in Korea which causes environmental as well as health problems. It is generally known that the length of the Japanese occupation for Korea is 36 years. However, it is concluded in this study that it was longer (70 years ; from 1875 to 1945 from when Japanese Army attacked and occupied Yungjongdo and Kanghwado island to e time when they were defeated on World War II.) Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 then the Imperial Government of Japan dismissed the Korea Army, controlled the Office of Justice and the management of prison by force. Since then about 50% of all land was fell into Japanese Government ownership and 80% of Korean farmers became as tenant. After this change, Korea farmers were forced to pay extremely high rent (up to 80% of its harvest). Forced immigration, low price procurement of grain by Japanese government up to more than 30%of their production, was practiced. Accordingly, the food situation of Korean farmers became miserable, which may caused more violations of Imperial Japanese Law. Malnutrition, epidemic diseases, mortality rate of infants soared and average life expectancy shortened to 20-30 years old. This was the period of World Economic Crises and Food Crises in Japan. It was said then that if one Japanese comes to Korea then 200 Koreans will starved to death. Meanwhile, Proconsul Bureau of Chosun requested to the Department of Medicine, the Imperial University of Kyungsung to survey food supply situation of Koreans in prison throughout Korea. Objectives of the survey then was not only to find out scientifically whether it is agreeable in maintaining prisoner's health and also find out the possibility to save food during food crisis. Survey was started from 1923 and ended in 1945, and it focussed on prisoners in the Seodaemoon Prison. This report is the outcome of the first survey. They concluded that the food supplied was nutritionally (had) no problem, in compare with those of workers in the factory, students in the dormitory in Japan and with those of prisoners in Taiwan, France and Germany. Amount of grain supplied were different according to their work lord and was divided into 9 different levels. Total grain was consisted of 50% millet, 30% soybean and 20% indica rice(variety). However, there were no difference in the amount of supply of side dishes between work groups. For the highest working group, 3280g of boiled grain per day was supplied to make stomach full but as a side dishes, salty fermented bean paste, fermented fish and salty soups, etc. was supplied. Deficiency of animal protein were observed, however, high intake of soybean may possibly caused animal protein deficiency problem. On the contrary, the intake of water soluble vitamins were insufficient but the level of calcium and iron intake seems to be sufficient, however, imbalance of intake of nutrition may caused low absorbtion rate which might caused malnutrition. High intake of dietary fiber and low intake of cholesterol may possibly prohibited them from so called modem disease but may caused the defect in disease resistancy againist epidemics and other traditional disease. Over intake of salt(20-30g per day) was observed. Surveyors who attended in this survey, mentioned that the amount of food intake may nutritionally be sufficient enough but the quality of food(and possibly, the taste of food) were like that of animal feed. For the officials who received this report might consider that considering the war situation and food crisis, the supply situation of food in the prison may considered to be good enough(because they are not starving). But as a Korean who studied this report, one feel extremely pity about those situation because (situation of) those period were very harsh under the Imperi..

While ruling Chosun, with a view to making Chosun the primary supplier of food, Japan made the peasantry of Chosun go to ruin by leaving land from them through land enterprises, and the projects of increasing rice production. At the same time, Japan formed the higher classes comprising pro-Japanese capitalists, landlords and intellectuals, and protected them in order to carry out her colonial policies. Naturally there came into being a great gulf between the minority of high society and the majority of the poor in Chosun. As there was a great difference in food life between the two, I'm going to examine the literature of those days to grasp exactly the condition of their food intake. As for the staple food, out of thirteen provinces in Chosun, 13% lived on only rice and 27% on other minor cereals with no rice. As for the subsidiary food, about thirty percents did not take any animal protein. The examination of intake of nutrition by classes shows that the higher and middle classes took the necessary amount of calorie and protein and that the component ratio of calorie was comparatively properly distributed. The lower classes are defined as those whose monthly income was less than 100 won and the peasantry in general. And again the peasantry are classified into three-high, middle and low-according to their farming conditions. The tenant farmers in Kyeongguido and the peasants of Darli community took enough amount of calorie and protein, but much smaller amount of animal protein. Fire-field farmers led not less miserable food intake than the extremely poor peasants. They seldom lived on rice. Potatoes, oats and millets were their staple food. Lastly, Engel's coefficient for the Tomack-min (the residents in mud huts) who were among the three extremely poor classes, was 73.3%, which was much higher than that of the lower classes in then Japan. Rationed rice and barley were their staple food but the rationed amount was not sufficient to satisfy needs of physical labor. In conclusion, during the period of Japanese ruling of Chosun, the minority of higher and middle classes in Chosun generally took sufficient amount of nutrient, while the status of food intake with poor peasants, fire-field farmers and Tomack-min was extremely miserable.

This study is to research the Formation and Activities of Pro-Rhee’ Christian Forces under the rule of Japanese imperialism. Relationships between Rhee and Korean Christian forces were formed by Independence Association, his conversion in prison, and his activities of YMCA in the early 1910s. Most of the Pro-Rhee Korean Christian forces were Korean Christian of Seoul, Gyeonggi-Do, and ChungChong-Do birth who were active mostly in Christian groups including Christian Association and YMCA in the 1910s. Rhee suggested Diplomatic Independence Principle and Ability Cultivation Principle as strategies of the independence movement. Korean Christian forces connected to Rhee agreed to Rhee’s strategies. They did not attract support for Korea’s independence from the international society but also developed movements of ability cultivation such as Private University Establishment Campaign and Rural Enlightenment Movement. Directly after the March 1 Movement, Korean Christian forces delivered Korea’s interim government’s document declared in Korea to Syng-man Rhee, who was out of Korea. After that time, this contributed greatly to Rhee’s becoming the supreme leader of dependence movement in and outside Korea. Korean Christian forces banded together with Rhee outside Korea and formed Heung-eop Club as an organization which agreed to Comrade Association abroad and adopted as important activities raising funds of independence movement and constructing economical networks in and outside Korea. Some members of Heung-eop Club did not participate in Shin-gan Association Movement but also played a key role in YMCA’s Rural Enlightenment Movement. However, Syng-man Rhee’s overseas position became weakened due to the bankruptcy of Dongji-Shiksan Company and conflicts related to the subscription of fund. In conclusion, Rhee’s relationships with Korean Christian forces were rapidly estranged in Korea’s circumstances (e.g. Sang-Jae Lee’s death, the conflict of Chi-Ho Yoon and Heung-Woo Shin in Heung-eop Club, the failure of establishing Industrial Department, the depression of YMCA’s Rural Enlightenment Campaign, etc.) after the mid-1930s.