러시아 형식주의자 쉬클로프스키는 ‘낯설게 하기(defamiliarization)’ 개념을 최초로 제시하였다. 이는 자동화(automatization)된 인식을 돌파하고 새로운 심미적 감각을 자극하는 수단으로 건축, 패션 디자인, 미디어, 미술 등 시각적 연구 분야에서 활발 하게 논의되었을 뿐만 아니라, 문학계에서 ‘문학성(literariness)’, 문학작품 비평에 대 한 검토도 꾸준히 이어져 왔다. 기존의 ‘낯설게 하기’ 연구방향에 따라 각 학자들은 음성학적, 어휘적, 통사적, 문체적 구조 등 다양한 언어적 위계에 초점을 두고 의미 가 있는 관점을 밝혔으나 이를 통합하여 전체적 텍스트를 분석하는 기준과 방법을 세우지 않았다. 따라서 본고는 중국 당대소설 ‘낯설게 하기’의 범위를 규명하고 체계 적인 분석 기준을 수립한 다음, ‘낯설게 하기’의 구체적인 변형 수단과 연구소설 ｢레 닌의 키스(受活)｣의 ‘낯설게 하기’ 양상을 검토하고자 한다.

소포클레스는 트라키스 여인들에서 비극적 사랑에 의해서 야기된 인 간의 고통에 대한 전형을 제시한다. 그는 이 주제를 통해서 중용지도의 지혜를 강조한 다. 예이츠는 이 지혜를 조화라고 말했으며, 자사는 중용이라고 설명했다. 이 작품의 주인공 헤라클레스는 12과업을 완성하는 영웅의 삶을 살았지만 결국 아내, 데이아네 이라의 질투심에 의해서 비극적 죽음을 맞이하였다. 이러한 비극은 데이아네이라의 혼 자만의 잘못이 아니라 헤라클레스의 부조화를 이루는 삶에서 기인한 당연한 결과이다. 그 연인은 남성과 여성이라는 주체와 객체로써 서로 조화를 이루는 삶을 살지 못하고 주체와 객체가 분리된 삶을 살다가 두 에너지가 충돌하여 비극을 자초한 것이다. 이는 주체와 객체, 정신과 육체, 인간과 우주, 인간과 자연이 조화를 추구하는 중용의 지혜를 강조한 것이다. 데이아네이라와 헤라클레스는 질투와 분노 때문에 중용의 부재로 바른 삶을 살지 못한다. 두 주인공은 조화를 이루지 못해서 고생하며, 죽음으로써 자 신들을 정화한다.

This thesis started from the attempt to make it clear that 80’s American artist Keith Haring(1958-1990) had conducted social intervention of criticism, resistance, and participation through his works, and so pursued public value. Haring of graffiti fame left popular and familiar cartoon style pictures on the street wall, the billboards, the posters and so on. Popular and playful works was explained as his unique characteristics, but Haring’s creative way at the field has more value than just being grasped as artist’s personal characteristics. Haring’s work pieces became everyday art by joining with people’s life, and are working as a social speaking place. So I think that these Haring’s art works possess characteristics of ‘the public sphere.’ ‘The Public Sphere’ means that is independent and free from the government or partisan economic forces, so that is not connected with the interested relations, and that is the sphere of rational argumentation without ‘disguise’ or ‘fabrication’, and that is the sphere where general public can participate in and is inspected by them. The public sphere between the sphere of public authority such a nation and a market and the private sphere of free individual, it is mutually connected with them and works as the space forming public opinion. Private individuals communicate with this public sphere and perform a role of direct and indirect check, balance, and social criticism way off from power. Openness that should include the voice of not only leading power but also the socially weak such as citizens, women, homosexuals, minority races, and so on, and alienated class, is an index of the public characteristics. The public sphere is not working just with speech and mass media. Many artists as well as Haring open their mouth and act through an art at the center of society, and create another public sphere by an art. I understood that the real participatory and practical characteristics on the Haring’s work is a phenomenon and current of a part of the art world including Haring. Such current started from 1960s is the in-depth effort to be connected with the life more closely, to communicate with people, and to improve problems of life. And it has pursued public value on the different way from the nation or public power. Artists have intervened in the society with strategic and positive ways in order to raise pushed-out value and sinked rights as the public agenda, and labored to accept the value of variety and difference at the society. The aspect of such social intervention is the notable features, findable on the Haring’s works and process. Haring’s works include art historical meanings and are expressed with familiar and plastic language, so they were able to communicate with various classes. And he secured various customers at the field and the street. This communicative and public approach factor raised the possibility much for his works to work as the public sphere. Haring presented critical and resistant speech toward society with his works based on this factor. He asserted his position and justice of gender identity as a sexual minority. And his such work continued to movement for alienated class and social week over his own rights. His speech and message on the wall painting, poster, T-shirts, billboard of the subway, and so on worked as a spectacle and pressed concern with social issues and consciousness shift. And he’s been trying to protect and care people who is injured by HIV and drug and to realize social justice through social week protection. Haring’s works planned to meet many people as much as possible performed its role of intervening in society through criticism, resistance, speech, and participation, and controlling and checking social issues. These things considered, Haring’s works show his consciousness about public attributes of art, and obviously include public value seeking. And also we can find the meaning of such his work as that an art is working as the public sphere and shows the possibility to discuss and practice public issues.