This scholarly investigation delves into the legal complexities arising from the People’s Republic of China’s high-altitude balloons entering US airspace. By analyzing landmark cases, such as the Lockerbie incident, this study emphasizes the urgent need for clear liability norms in international airspace. The 2023 Montana Incursion served to clarify the self-defense and proportionality principles under international law. This study examines the nature of these balloons to determine whether they fall under international accords such as the Chicago Convention. It also explores military classifications and legal ambiguities surrounding non-combatant operators in armed conflicts. This paper identifies gaps in the principles of privacy and ethics concerning intelligence gathering within sovereign boundaries. It advocates for new multilateral treaties with geofencing standards to regulate high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles. This author aims to fortify legal frameworks based on technological advances.

The deployment of drones for targeted killings in recent years has sparked intense debates regarding the ethical and legal implications of their deployment in contemporary conflicts. Through an examination of the complexities surrounding the application of fundamental international humanitarian law (IHL) principles - such as differentiating targets and ensuring a proportionate response – and their deployment, the article aims to illuminate the potential legal ramifications of using drones in targeted killing. It also highlights challenges arising from the ambiguous distinction between combatants and non-combatants, compounded by the remote nature of drone missions. The inclusion of a few relevant case studies enhances the analysis, providing practical insights into the nuanced legal landscape and emphasising the pressing need for a comprehensive legal framework tailored to regulate drone usage. This paper stresses the immediate requirement for an effective regulatory structure to ensure adherence to IHL, thereby upholding humanistic principles and reducing the human toll of conflicts.

Specifically, the matter of coups against governments – particularly those resulting from legitimate democratic elections – requires a more resolute approach. This entails criminalizing such actions and imposing substantial penalties on the individuals responsible. By doing so, the goal is to dissuade potential revolutionaries from attempting this act, given the clear stance and condemnation it would receive from the international community. Furthermore, it is imperative to highlight the international community’s inconsistent response to coups. This inconsistency becomes evident in the varying levels of support for different coups, seemingly influenced by the international community’s relationship with the affected state and, notably, its ousted president. This underscores the necessity for well-defined and unambiguous regulations governing coups themselves. The article aims to address this issue comprehensively and impartially, avoiding selective treatment. The significance of this issue lies in the need to address a legislative gap in international law.

This research concentrates primarily on the foundation of the China International Commercial Court (CICC), considering the structure and functions of the Court. The main objective of CICC is to develop a dispute resolution mechanism for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Given its predominant Chinese orientation, CICC may encounter various challenges as the BRI’s contracting members possess diverse judicial systems. This article will focus on the jurisdiction of the court and the procedures of enforcement of its judgments, orders, and direction. The authors also discuss the types of legal and administrative changes necessary to make CICC an effective and successful dispute resolution body. The BRI is a crucial element of Chinese strategies to control the global economic system. Therefore, CICC can provide critical insight into the present Chinese goals about international order. This paper finally examines that CICC symbolizes a Chinese ambition to strengthen, modify, or challenge the current international system.

본 연구는 교정시설 내 교정치료공동체를 도입하여 마약류에 관한 법률 위반 수형 자들이 건강한 사회인으로 기능하여 재범을 예방할 수 있도록 교정차원에서 전문적인 치료와 치유를 제공하고자 하였다. 그래서 국외 교정치료공동체에 관한 질적연구를 체계적으로 분석하여 우리나라 교정치료공동체의 철학과 모듈 마련을 위한 기초 자료 로 활용하고자 질적 메타 종합 연구하였다. 현재 마약류에 관한 법률 위반 수형자들은 마약과의 전쟁을 선포한 이후 처벌받은 인원이 증가하고 있다. 현 정부에서는 증가하 는 마약류 수형자의 재범과 마약류 중독을 예방하고자 마약류 사용에 관한 법률위반 자를 구속과 처벌이 원칙인 형행이념으로 일관하고 있다. 하지만, 사회 전반에 확산되 고 있는 마약류 중독을 예방하지 못하고 있기에 마약류 수형자 관리에 대한 교정이념 의 변화에 대한 필요성이 대두되고 있다고 판단된다. 우리나라에서는 일부 교정시설 에서는 교정치료공동체를 실시하고 있지만, 교정치료공동체의 철학과 모듈이 미미하다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 국외 질적연구를 분석하여 우리나라에 맞는 교정치료공동 체 철학과 모듈의 기초 자료를 마련하고자 한다. 연구자는 구글 학술검색을 통하여 해 외에서 수행된 8편의 교정치료공동체 관련 질적 연구물들을 수집하였다. 수집된 질적 연구들은 Lguirre와 Bolton 제시된 질적 해석적 메타 종합 연구로 접근하여 분석하 였다. 자료 분석은 1차 문헌을 상세히 분석하면서 주제를 구성하였고, 2차 통합주제, 핵심 주제로 나눠 분석하여 주제를 구성하여 제시하였다. 해석적 이해를 중심으로 참 여자의 경험 중 교정치료공동체의 구조와 내용을 구체적인 분석으로 기술하였다. 분 석한 결과를 교정치료공동체의 성장 효과를 저해하는 부정적 요인과 긍정적인 요인으 로 나눠 기술하였다. 교정치료공동체의 부정적 요인은 생명력 없는 프로그램, 관행적 실천, 상호신뢰 기반의 동요로 나타났다. 긍정적 요인은 사회로 가는 디딤돌, 치료 집 중구조, 서로에게 배움, 인격의 재구조와 윤리적 인간으로의 진화, 자기주도적 단약 효능감 생성, 인본주의 치료 공간으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 의의는 교정치료공동체의 철학과 구성 방안을 제시한 연구로 마약류 수형자의 관리에 관한 교정정책차원에서 교정이념의 변화를 이루고자 하였다. 또한, 향후 교정기관에서 교정치료공동체의 도입 및 치료 처우에 교정치료공동체의 방향을 제시함으로 마약류 수형자의 재범 예방과 국민건강에 교정 연구의 학문 분야 발전에 크게 기여할 것으로 전망한다.

본 연구는 중국 유학생의 학습참여 동기가 학습몰입으로 연결되는 인과관계와 학습동기와 학습몰입 사이에서 자기효 능감의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 연구의 대상은 S시에서 거주하는 중국유학생을 대상으로 2023년 10월 1일부터 10월 31 일까지 자료 수집한 198부를 분석에 활용하였다. 수집된 자 료는 SPSS 25.0을 활용하여 빈도분석, 기술통계, 상관관계, 위 계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 중국유학생의 학습동기는 자기효능감과 학습몰입에 정의 영향을 미치는 것 으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 중국유학생의 학습동기와 학습몰입의 관계에서 자기효능감의 매개효과를 확인하였다. 이중 학습몰 입의 하위요인인 감성몰입만이 자기효능감의 관계에서 매개 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이는 중국유학생의 학습동기 는 자기효능감을 증진하여 학습몰입을 높인다는 것을 의미한 다. 이를 통해 중국유학생의 학습몰입을 높일 수 있는 대학 교육에서의 실무적 시사점을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있 다.

이 연구는 국내 체류 외국인 유학생들의 성공적인 학업 적응 방안에 대해 제언하기 위해 충남 J대학 유학생 230명을 대상으로 학업, 대학생 활, 학업 적응 관련 요구 등에 대한 설문조사를 하였다. 외국인 유학생들 은 한국 기업에 취업하기 위해 한국의 대학에서 유학 생활을 하고 있는 데, 학업 과정에서 언어와 문화 적응에 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 이러한 어 려움은 주로 동일 언어권 유학생들 간 의지를 통해 해결하고 있는 것으 로 나타났다. 또한 수강 신청 과목 선택, 기숙사와 같은 거주 환경에서 다른 문화권 학생과의 생활, 취업 및 단기 아르바이트 정보 획득 등에서 어려움을 겪고 있었다. 유학생들의 학업 적응에서 가장 필요한 것은 튜 터링, 멘토-멘티, 한국어능력을 위한 한국어수업 등과 같은 한국어 능력 향상 프로그램이었다. 유학생들의 성공적인 대학생활과 학업 적응을 위 해서는 대학뿐만 아니라 지역사회도 많은 관심을 가져야 한다. 또한 유 학생들을 지역특화인재로 육성하는 시스템을 구축하고 특화된 교육콘텐 츠를 제공해서 보다 안정적으로 대학생활과 학업에 집중할 수 있도록 해 야 한다.

해양은 인간이 발생시킨 대기 중 탄소를 흡수하고 탄소가 대기 중에 더욱 축적되는 것을 방지하는 등 국제 탄소 순환에서 중요 한 역할을 하고 있다. 그러나 유엔기후변화협약(UNFCCC) 당사국총회 및 주요 협상의제에서 해양 분야는 기후변화에 의한 희생자로 여겨 진 반면, 기후해결을 위한 해결책으로서는 크게 주목받지 못하였다. 최근 해양과 기후시스템이 서로 긴밀하게 연결되어 있고 해양은 기후 위기를 해결하기 위해 그 동안 다루지 않았던 수많은 기회를 제공할 수 있다는 인식이 제고되면서, 해양을 기반으로 한 기후 행동을 강화 하기 위한 논의를 시작하고 있다. UNFCCC는 2020년부터 해양과 기후변화 이슈를 통합하고 이를 강화하기 위한 논의의 장으로서 ‘해양대 화’를 개최하며, 해양기반기후행동을 강화하기 위한 방안과 도전과제 등을 논의·공유하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 본 연구는 해양기반기후행 동에 대한 국제적 논의 배경과 주요 내용을 살펴보고, 해양기반기후행동이 추구해야 하는 내용의 범위와 이를 달성하기 위한 방향에 대 한 견해를 제시해보았다. 그리고 해양기반기후행동을 강화하기 위한 방안으로서 통합적 접근과 상호혜택의 증진 등을 위한 과제를 제시 하고, 이를 기반으로 국내에서 해양기반기후행동을 강화하기 위한 과제를 제안하였다.

이 연구는 국내외 아동의 자기애와 관련된 변인들을 연구대상으로 메 타 분석을 통해 효과크기를 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 2000년부터 2021년 까지의 국내외 학술지 및 학위논문 총 202편을 메타 분석하였다. 자기애 의 표현형을 3가지(건강한, 웅대한, 취약한)로 분류하고, 핵심 특성 변인 군(부적응양육/대상관계, 취약한 자기조절 실패 변인군)과 주변 특성 변 인군(기질, 성격, 부적응적, 적응 변인군)으로 분류하였다. 분석결과, 국 내외에서 모든 자기애와 공통적인 상관 방향을 나타내고 있는 것은 특권 의식과 적대성이며, 이는 자기애의 공통 핵심 특성으로 나타났다. 본 연 구는 국내외 아동의 자기애 관련 변인간의 관련성을 통합하고 종합적인 결론을 도출하여 자기애 형성에 중요한 시기인 아동이 건강한 자기애 발 달의 경로를 자기애 표현형을 통해 접근하였다는 점에 의의가 있다.

The grassland section of the greenhouse gas inventory has limitations due to a lack of review and verification of biomass compared to organic carbon in soil while grassland is considered one of the carbon storages in terrestrial ecosystems. Considering the situation at internal and external where the calculation of greenhouse gas inventory is being upgraded to a method with higher scientific accuracy, research on standards and methods for calculating carbon accumulation of grassland biomass is required. The purpose of this study was to identify international trends in the calculation method of the grassland biomass sector that meets the Tier 2 method and to conduct a review of variables applicable to the Republic of Korea. Identify the estimation methods and access levels for grassland biomass through the National Inventory Report in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and type the main implications derived from overseas cases. And, a field survey was conducted on 28 grasslands in the Republic of Korea to analyse the applicability of major issues. Four major international issues regarding grassland biomass were identified. 1) country-specific coefficients by land use; 2) calculations on woody plants; 3) loss and recovery due to wildfire; 4) amount of change by human activities. As a result of field surveys and analysis of activity data available domestically, it was found that there was a significant difference in the amount of carbon in biomass according to use type classification and climate zone-soil type classification. Therefore, in order to create an inventory of grassland biomass at the Tier 2 level, a policy and institutional system for making activity data should develop country-specific coefficients for climate zones and soil types.

Based on my attendance at the CIPA International Symposium(CIPA2023) organized by the International Scientific Committee on Heritage Documentation(ICOMOS), this paper explored research cases applying digital technologies, including BIM, to architectural heritage. The researches presented at this symposium were categorized into specific areas: data acquisition, data management, data sharing&experience. Through this classification, an analysis of research cases in architectural heritage utilizing digital technology was conducted. By categorizing the 43 academic papers from the CIPA2023 based on research themes, trends in the digital architecture field were analyzed, providing insights into future research directions for the digital acquisition, management, sharing, and experiential aspects of Korean architectural heritage. In conclusion, it is deemed necessary to reference and supplement the methodologies, including algorithms, workflows, and approaches developed in each study, to effectively apply methodologies suitable for the characteristics of Korean architectural heritage and its data.

The Syrian crisis has been persisting for more than eleven years, but shows no signs of resolution or end yet. Various reports from the United Nations and other reputable organizations have extensively documented a multitude of atrocities perpetrated by all factions involved in the conflict. This article examines the Syrian crisis from a perspective of international law. The author analyses the legal justifications put forward by the parties involved in the conflict, including humanitarian intervention, the responsibility to protect, etc. This research paper employs an analytical and descriptive research methodology. The finding concludes that the Syrian Civil War is not likely to be over for the foreseeable future in spite of many efforts under international law. The author also finds that there have been numerous violations of international law by both sides in the conflict related to human rights and humanitarian protection.

This research examines the rescue of refugees at sea in the context of international law and human rights. The article focuses on the search and rescue obligations outlined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The article also discusses other international initiatives relevant to the rescue of refugees at sea, including the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea and the Global Compact on Refugees. The challenges surrounding the rescue of refugees at sea are also analysed, including issues such as delays and refusals in assistance. The authors further explore disagreements over responsibility and jurisdiction in rescue operations involving refugees. Finally, the article underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of international legislation and basic humanitarian principles when addressing the rescue of refugees at sea. It offers insights into potential solutions for addressing the challenges and controversies encountered in these rescue operations.

AI-driven technology is becoming an integral part of our daily lives, spanning from smart home devices to social media platforms. However, the uneven distribution of AI technologies could result in a scenario where certain groups exert dominance over the direction of AI development. The consequences of inequality in AI evolution could further exacerbate existing economic gaps by concentrating benefits among a privileged few with access to advanced AI technologies. To address this question the, international communities should come forward and regulate the just development of AI with new and existing international laws. Although the existing international legal frameworks can be adapted to address AI-specific issues without the need for entirely new laws, however, the novel challenges presented by AI require unique and new international laws. Issues such as data sovereignty, data privacy, and data localization are areas where international laws and agreements need to evolve to accommodate the just development of AI.

The Colloid Formation and Migration (CFM) international joint research initiative continues as a part of the GTS’s Radionuclide Retardation Programme, which has been in progress since 1984. This project focuses on examining the formation of colloids from a bentonite-engineered barrier system and exploring how these colloids impact the migration of radionuclides in fractured host rock when subjected to advective flow. Phase 1 of the project was launched in 2004 and concluded in early 2008, focusing on preliminary studies related to in-situ boundary conditions, predicting models, and supplementary lab works. Following that, Phase 2 spanned from 2008 to 2013 and aimed at fortifying the field setup by adding three new monitoring boreholes and suitable instrumentation in both the boreholes and tunnel. This phase also tested the system’s resilience while mapping the flow domain. Phase 3 kicked off in January 2014 and extended until December 2018. During this period, the Long-term In-situ Test (LIT) was introduced in May 2014, featuring a set of compacted bentonite rings laced with radionuclide tracers. These were placed in a borehole to serve as a colloid and radionuclide source. CFM Phase 4 initiative commenced in January 2019, marking the successful deployment of the i-BET (In-situ Bentonite Erosion Test). This project component involves placing approximately 50 kg of compacted bentonite in a natural water-conducting shear zone. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) joined CFM in 2008 to examine the behavior of colloid generation and migration with radionuclides in the Underground Research Laboratory. The fourth phase of the CFM project was also scheduled to include a post-mortem evaluation of the LIT and additional tracer experiments in the well-mapped MI shear zone. This study aims to provide an interim update on the ongoing i-BET, a key component of Phase 4 of the CFM project. We will also discuss the current status of the post-mortem analysis for the LIT experiment. In addition, we will outline plans for the forthcoming Phase VI of the project. These plans will continue to advance our understanding of radionuclide migration and the influence of bentonite-based disposal systems.

Strategic item export control aims to maintain international peace and safety and serves as a significant nuclear non-proliferation regime that directly impacts a nation’s security. Therefore, establishing an autonomous export control system at the state level is crucial, and one of the most efficient methods to achieve this is by enhancing an export company’s management system. Accordingly, many advanced countries, such as the United States, Europe, and Japan, have operated their own internal compliance programs (CP or ICP) to manage and screen the export of strategic items as a corporate social responsibility and risk mitigation measure. In Korea, which has a high dependence on trade, the need for CP was continuously confirmed, but the system was introduced in 2004, relatively late compared to other advanced countries. So far, the Korean government has made steady efforts to develop and establish the system and is actively encouraging businesses to obtain Compliance Program certification to autonomously manage strategic items. Major technologically advanced countries utilize technology transfer as a tool for economic sanctions, trade security, and strategic technology management, and they continue to strengthen their control regimes. In these countries, CP certification is considered a standard practice for export control among mid-sized and large enterprises. It serves as a vital risk management system that protects companies from unforeseen incidents. However, in Korea, the application of CP under the Foreign Trade Act is limited to dual-use items and does not extend to the nuclear export control system. Therefore, this paper analyzes international cases and CP requirements in countries like the United States, Japan, Europe, and Singapore. As a result of the review, the application of CP into Korea’s nuclear export control could be a coexistence means that can strengthen supply chain control as well as provide benefits not to impede technical research, international trade, and exchanges.