The ductility of the system based on the capacity of each structural member constituting the seismic force-resisting system is a significant factor determining the structure’s seismic performance. This study aims to provide a procedure to supplement the current seismic design criteria to secure the system’s ductility and improve the seismic performance of the steel ordinary moment frames. For the study, a nonlinear analysis was performed on the 9- and 15-story model buildings, and the formation of collapse mechanisms and damage distribution for dynamic loads were analyzed. As a result of analyzing the nonlinear response and damage distribution of the steel ordinary moment frame, local collapse due to the concentration of structural damage was observed in the case where the influence of the higher mode was dominant. In this study, a procedure to improve the seismic performance and avoid inferior dynamic response was proposed by limiting the strength ratio of the column. The proposed procedure effectively improved the seismic performance of steel ordinary moment frames by reducing the probability of local collapse.

New buildings have been designed using different seismic design standards that have been revised. However, the seismic performance of existing buildings is evaluated through the same performance evaluation guidelines. Existing buildings may not satisfy the performance targets suggested in the current guidelines, but there are practical limitations to discriminating the existing buildings with poor seismic performance through a full investigation. In this regard, to classify buildings with poor seismic performance according to the applied standard, this study aimed to evaluate performance-based investigation of the seismic design proposals of buildings with different design standards. The target buildings were set as RC ordinary moment frames for office occupancy. Changes in seismic design criteria by period were analyzed, and the design spectrum changes of reinforced concrete ordinary moment resisting frames were compared to analyze the seismic load acting on the building during design. The seismic design plan was derived through structural analysis of the target model, compared the member force and cross-sectional performance, and a preliminary evaluation of the seismic performance was performed to analyze the performance level through DCR. As a result of the seismic performance analysis through the derived design, the reinforced concrete ordinary moment frame design based on AIK 2000 has an insufficient seismic performance level, so buildings built before 2005 are likely to need seismic reinforcement.

Most commercial buildings among existing RC buildings in Korea have a multi-story wall-frame structure where RC shear wall is commonly used as its core at stairways or elevators. The members of the existing middle and low-rise wall-frame buildings are likely arranged in ordinary details considering building occupancy, and the importance and difficulty of member design. This is because there are few limitations, considerations, and financial burdens on the code for designing members with ordinary details. Compared with the intermediate or unique details, the ductility and overstrength are insufficient. Furthermore, the behavior of the member can be shear-dominated. Since shear failure in vertical members can cause a collapse of the entire structure, nonlinear characteristics such as shear strength and stiffness deterioration should be adequately reflected in the analysis model. With this background, an 8-story RC wall-frame building was designed as a building frame system with ordinary shear walls, and the effect of reflecting the shear failure mode of columns and walls on the collapse mechanism was investigated. As a result, the shear failure mode effect on the collapse mechanism was evident in walls, not columns. Consequently, it is recommended that the shear behavior characteristics of walls are explicitly considered in the analysis of wall-frame buildings with ordinary details.

An approximate analysis method is proposed to predict the dynamic amplification of shear forces in ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls as a preliminary study. First, a seismic design for three groups of ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls higher than 60 m was created on the basis of nonlinear dynamic analysis. Causes for the dynamic amplification effect of shear forces were investigated through a detailed evaluation of the nonlinear dynamic analysis result. A new modal combination rule was proposed on the basis of that observation, in which fundamental mode response and combined higher mode response were summed directly. The fundamental mode response was approximated by nonlinear static analysis result, while higher mode response was computed using response spectrum analysis for equivalent linear structural models with the effective stiffness based on the nonlinear dynamic analysis result. The proposed approximate analysis generally predicted vertical distribution of story shear and shear forces of individual walls from the nonlinear dynamic analysis with comparable accuracy.

‘맹자가 아내의 무례함을 싫어하여 내쫒았다(孟子出妻)’는 이야기는 긴 역사를 통해 호사가 들의 관심을 모았다. 특히 『列女傳』, 『韓詩外傳』, 『荀子』 등 여러 문헌들 속에서는 이 고증하기 어려운 에피소드를 자신들의 논지를 강화하기 위한 하나의 전고로서 소비해왔다. 궈모뤄(郭沫若)는 역사소설 속에서 다시 이 이야기를 수양에 방해가 되는 아내의 존재를 부담스러워한 맹자의 모습으로, 그리고 그 인간적인 고뇌를 알아챈 아내가 스스로 집을 나간 것으로 재구성하였다. 그 과정에서 맹자의 고뇌, 남편에 대한 아내의 존경과 간절함, 그리고 성현이 되고자 하는 남편의 정진을 위해 선택한 희생 등 복합적인 심리들을 담아내면서 기존의 인식들을 비틀어놓았다. 亞聖으로서의 정형화된 형상을 지키기 위해 많은 이들에 의해 의도적으로 가려졌을 법한 맹자의 인간적인 모습은 궈모뤄의 서사를 통해 새롭게 다가온다. 본 논문에서 살펴본 맹자에 대한 이야기는 팩션 장르를 통해 이루어지는 고전에 대한 파격적 이해를 열어준다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있으며, 역사적 사실과 그 해석에 대한 인식의 전환이 얼마나 다양하고 유연한 이야기를 생산할 수 있는지를 시사해준다.

Seismic performance of ordinary reinforced concrete shear wall systems commonly used in high-rise residential buildings is evaluated. Three types of shear walls exceeding 60m in height are designed by performance-based seismic design. Then, incremental dynamic analysis is performed collapse probability is assessed in accordance with the procedure of FEMA P695. As a result, story drift, plastic rotation, and compressive strain are observed to be major failure modes, but shear failure occur little. Collapse probability and collapse margin ratio of performance groups do not meet requirement of FEMA P695. It is observed that critical wall elements fail due to excessive compressive strain. Therefore, the compressive strain of concrete at the boundary area of the shear wall needs to be evaluated with more conservative acceptance criteria.

이 논문은 워즈워드의 『서정담시집』과 예이츠의 중기 시 읽어서 두 시인을 비교한다. 이 시인들은 전통시의 관습에서 영시를 자유롭게 해방시킨다. 워즈워드는 상위계급을 다루는 주제나 인위적인 시의 규칙과 관습을 비난하며 보통 사람의 생활에서 소재를 취하여 자연스런 언어로 풍요롭고 자연적인 감정을 표현한다. 예이츠의 경우 20세기의 시작과 더불어 전환기에 도달한다. 1901년과 1902년에는 시와 희곡 속의 수정된 여성의 원형을 이상화하기 시작한다. 구어를 강조하는 그의 중기시에 초점을 맞추는데, 『일곱 숲에서』, 『초록 투구 시편』, 『책임』의 시들을 다루게 된다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to develop bridge deck concrete materials based on ordinary Portland cement concrete, and to evaluate the applicability of the developed materials through material properties tests.METHODS : For field implementation, raw material (cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate) properties, fresh concrete properties (slump and air content), strength (compressive, flexural and bond strength) gain, and durability (freeze-thaw resistance, scaling resistance, and rapid chloride penetrating resistance) performance were evaluated in the laboratory.RESULTS: For the selected binder content of 410 kg/m3, W/B = 0.42, and S/a = 0.48, the following material performance results were obtained. Considering the capacity of the deck finisher, a minimum slump of 150 mm was required. At least 6 % of air content was obtained to resist freezethaw damage. In terms of strength, 51.28 MPa of compressive strength, 7.41 MPa of flexural strength, and 2.56 MPa of bond strength at 28 days after construction were obtained. A total of 94.9 % of the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity after 300 cycles of freeze-thaw resistance testing and 0.0056 kg/m2 of weight loss in a scaling resistance test were measured. However, in a chloride ion penetration resistance test, the result of 3,356 Coulomb, which exceeds the threshold value of the standard specification (1000 Coulomb at 56 days) was observed.CONCLUSIONS: Instead of using high-performance modified bridge deck materials such as latex or silica fume, we developed an optimum mix design based on ordinary Portland cement concrete. A test construction was carried out at ramp bridge B (bridge length = 111 m) in Gim Jai City. Immediately after the concrete was poured, the curing compound was applied, and then wet mat curing was applied for 28 days. Considering the fact that cracks did not occur during the monitoring period, the applicability of the developed material is considered to be high.

미국의 내진설계기준인 ASCE/SEI 7-10은 구조물 붕괴성능에 대한 불확실성을 고려하지 않는 등재해도 기반 내진설계의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 위험도 기반 내진설계 개념을 도입하였다. 하지만 현행 국내 내진설계기준의 경우 한반도 내에서 발생한 큰 규모의 지진기록과 구조물의 붕괴성능과 관련된 연구의 부족으로 위험도 기반 내진설계 개념을 반영하지 않고 있 다. 본 연구에서는 철골 보통중심가새골조를 표본건물로 선정하여 위험도 기반 내진성능평가를 수행하였다. 건물이 위치한 지역, 높이, 지반조건을 변수로 바탕으로 표본건물에 대한 붕괴성능 평가를 수행하였으며, 국내 지진기록의 특성을 반영할 수 있는 경험적 스펙트럴 형상 예측 모델을 활용하여 지진재해도 곡선을 작성하였다. 이를 활용하여 국내 주요 도시에 위치 한 철골 보통중심가새골조의 붕괴확률을 위험도 적분 개념에 따라 평가하였다. 국내 주요 도시에 위치한 철골 보통중심가새 골조의 붕괴확률을 평가한 결과, 현행 건축구조기준에 따라 설계된 표본건물은 본 연구에서 고려한 해석 변수에 따라 붕괴 확률에 상당한 차이를 보였다. 특히 국내 건축구조기준의 경우 철골 보통중심가새골조에 대한 높이제한이 없어 일부 고층 표본건물에서 목표 위험도인 50년간 1%의 붕괴확률을 초과하는 것으로 평가되었다.

철골보통중심가새골조의 수직불균형력에 대한 설계 요구사항이 KBC2009에서 처음으로 도입하였고, 이를 통하여 설계지진에서의 인명안전성능이라는 목표내진성능을 만족하도록 유도하고 있다. 그러나 수직 불균형력의 영향이 ASCE7-10에서 암시적으로 제시하는 최대고려지진에서의 구조물 붕괴방지성능에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 매우 제한적으로 이루어지고 있어 KBC2009를 따라 설계된 철골보통중심가새골조의 붕괴성능을 조사할 필요가 있다. 이를 위하여 본 논문에서는 역V형 철골보통중심가새골조의 최대고려지진에서의 붕괴양상을 조사하였다. 두 가지 지반조건과 세 가지 다른 수직불균형력 조건을 해석변수로 하여 총 6개의 5층 규모의 철골보통중심가새골조 표본건물을 설계하였다. 비선형 정적해석과 비선형 동적해석을 통하여 표본건물들의 내진성능과 붕괴양상을 조사하였다. 해석결과를 통해 수직 불균형력은 철골보통중심가새골조의 내진성능에 지대한 영향을 미쳤고, 바람직한 붕괴양상과 붕괴방지성능을 달성하기 위하여 불균형력에 대한 적절한 고려가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

간성천 산간계류에 서식하는 단각류의 일종인 보통옆새우(G. sobaegensis)의 서식특성을 확인하였다. 조사결과 보통옆새우 (G. sobaegensis)의 주 서식처는 수온이 봄 시기 및 가을 시기에 10􀆆C 이하를 유지하였으며, 전기전도도의 경우 40 μS cm-1 이하를 유지하는 것을 확인하였다. 강우량의 경우 월 누적 최대 강우량이 800mm를 넘지 않는 평년수준의 경우 보통옆새우(G. sobaegensis)의 개체군 유지에 큰 영향을 주지 않으나 월 누적 최대 강우량이 1,000mm를 넘는 경우 보통옆새우(G. sobaegensis)의 개체군 유지에 불리한 교란요인으로 작용함을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 이러한 강우에 의한 영향은 보통 옆새우(G. sobaegensis)의 유하 뿐만 아니라 먹이자원인 낙엽의 유하를 일으켜 보통옆새우(G. sobaegensis) 개체군에 복합적 교란 요인으로 작용함을 알 수 있었다. 먹이자원의 이용에 따른 섭식기능군 (FFGs) 분류 중 썰어먹는무리(shredders)는 지점 1~3에서 20% 내외의 비율로 출현하였고, 지점 4~7에서 10% 내외의 비율로 출현하여 큰 차이를 나타냈다. 그리고 보통옆새우 (G. sobaegensis)의 주 출현지점인 지점 1~3을 대상으로 보통옆새우(G. sobaegensis)와 썰어먹는무리(shredders)의 개체수 증감을 비교한 결과 2009년을 제외하고 같은 변화 양상을 확인할 수 있었다.

Oral erythroleukoplakia is characterized by severe dyskeratosis intermingled with multifocal erosive spots on the buccal mucosa, dorsal tongue, and lower lip, etc. A case of oral erythroleukoplakia was diagnosed among 83 cases of common oral leukoplakia since 1997. The pathological examination showed the typical features of leukoplakia with severe epithelial dysplasia, exhibiting dyskeratosis, acanthosis, and basal hyperplasia. The oral erythroleukoplakia was explored in comparison with a representative common oral leukoplakia by the immunohistochemical method using PCNA, β-catenin, EGFR, p53, TNFα, pAKT, and STAT3. Oral erythroleukoplakia showed strong positive reaction of PCNA, p53, EGFR, TNFα, pAKT1 and STAT3 in its spinous layer cells and these reactions were reduced in its basal layer cells, while common oral leukoplakia showed diffusely weak reaction of those proteins. Particularly, β-catenin was positive in the nuclei of some basal and spinous layer cells of oral erythroleukoplakia contrast to the common oral leukoplakia. These findings indicated that the present oral erythroleukoplakia was proliferative with the activation of β-catenin pathway, revealed the dysplastic changes of epithelium by the overexpression of EGFR, p53, and pAKT, and also produced inflammatory reaction through the activation of cytokine-dependent signalings of TNFα and STAT3. These data indicated that the present oral erythroleukoplakia might undergo the early stage of multi-step carcinogenesis via the overexpression of different oncoproteins, especially β-catenine, p53, pAKT, and STAT3.

在汉语的音节单位中，韵腹是不可缺少的音段音位，声调是不可缺少的超音段音位。因此，我们认为韵腹和声调是分化汉语音节功能最大的因素。汉语的音节结构本身很固定，音节构成还有许多限制条件，因而音节数量实际上要比简单的数学组合少得多。从古代汉语到近代汉语，汉语语音朝着简化的方向发展，尤其北方话的浊音清化而引起的声母数量的减少和入声韵尾的消失使得音节的数量大幅减少，发展到现代，普通话的音段音位的组合只有400多个，包括声调的音节只不过1200多个。汉语是一个音节可以作为词或者词素的单音节语言，同一个音节有不少包括许多的意义，很多单音节单位离开上下文无法区分出意义，只有在多音节的组合中才能区分出意义。因此，分化同音字的根本出路是扩展音节，由单音节发展为多音节。汉语词汇的复音化从上古后期就开始，音节的数量逐渐减少，而词汇的数量却随着社会的发展而大量增加，势必产生大量的同音词，影响人们的交际。因此词汇只能单音节向多音节(包括双音节)发展。例如；《普通话三千常用词表》的3,996个常用词汇中，多音节词汇多达71.65%之多，单音节只有28.35%，单音节词汇中，音段音位同一，只能依靠声调分别词义的占58%，包括声调同一音节的占42%，可见在单音节词汇中声调的音节分化能力还很明显，但音节数量不足同音比率依旧过高。《普通话三千常用词表》的多音节词汇中，因音段音位同一，只能依靠声调区别词义的占5.76%，包括声调同一音节的占0.84%，可见在多音节词汇中，声调的区别意义的作用大幅下降。 为了研究多音节词汇数量和声调的分化能力之间的相关关系，本文分析了《汉语水平词汇与汉字等级大纲》的各等级别多音节词汇数量与音段音位 如表所示，随着多音节词汇的增加，音段音位同音率和音节同音率按累进比率增高，声调仍然持有一定程度的词汇分化能力，但是与单音节的同音率比较，多音节的同音率要少得多。甚至在许多已经词调化(金立鑫，2008)的多音节词中，某些单音节语素的声调通过轻声化的途径开始消失。因此可以说普通话的声调作用正在演变过程中，声调在区别意义上还存在一定的功能，但是这个作用在多音节词中越来越弱，只有在单音节中才基本保留其辨义的功能。

본 논문에서는 현행 내진설계방법에 따라 설계된 역V형 보통 가새골조 (OCBF)의 비선형 정적 해석을 수행하고, 그 결과를 바탕으로 초과강도계수, 연성계수, 반응수정계수 및 변위 증폭계수 등을 산정하였다. 해석결과에 따르면 대부분의 해석모델에서 현행 내진설계 기준에서 제시한 값보다 작은 초과강도계수 및 반응수정계수 값을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 수직 보강 기둥 (zipper column)으로 가새를 보강한 경우 초과강도계수 및 반등수정계수는 보통 가새 구조물에 비하여 상당히 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

In previous research, the durability of the concrete was improved by filling the capillary voids with soap by the saponification reaction of the glycerin ester of the oil and the alkali of the concrete. Thus, in this research, there will be an experimental investigation on the effects of various strengths on the resistance to salt attack resistance by applying ordinary strength concrete.

Current design code provisions suggest calculation method for slab-column joint concrete compressive strength. Because equation for slab-column joint compressive strength only consider the compressive strength of column and slab concrete, they are relatively conservative than the results of experimental researches. In this study, calculation method for slab-column joint strength which consider confinement effect of concrete are suggested. Suggested calculation procedure and results were compared with test results of previous researches.

In previous research, the durability of the concrete was improved by filling the capillary voids with soap by the saponification reaction of the glycerin ester of the oil and the alkali of the concrete. Thus, in this research, there will be an experimental investigation on the effects of various strengths on the resistance to salt attack resistance by applying ordinary strength concrete.