KOREASCHOLAR

This study examined the spatio-temporal microhabitat use of the introduced Formosan sika deer (Cervus nippon taiouanus) by analyzing their spatial and temporal behavioral patterns. From July 2022 to May 2023, hourly GPS locations were recorded for two individuals (one female and one male) in Songnisan National Park, South Korea, using collar-mounted GPS devices. Principal component analysis (PCA) and k-means clustering of habitat attributes revealed that even within the same individual, different microhabitat types were selected based on variations in elevation, slope, and forest structure. Kernel density analyses of the time-stamped locations indicated clear temporal differentiation in habitat use among clusters. Specifically, activity during crepuscular hours (i.e., sunrise and sunset) concentrated in areas of higher elevation and steeper slopes, dominated by mixed or deciduous forests, while the deer were more frequently found at lower elevations, gentler slopes, and in coniferous forests. These findings suggest that Formosan sika deer utilize functionally distinct microhabitats to alternate between foraging and resting behaviors in line with their circadian rhythms. This spatio-temporal differentiation likely represents a behavioral strategy to optimize physiological needs throughout the day and enables flexible responses to environmental conditions in Korean landscapes. This study offers foundational insights into the habitat use patterns of this invasive species and may inform management strategies and assessments of spatial competition with native ungulates. However, due to the limited number of individuals monitored, further longterm research with a larger sample size is necessary for broader generalization

Abstract
1. 서 론
2. 재료 및 방법
    2.1. 연구지역
    2.2. 조사 분석
3. 결과 및 고찰
적 요
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Declaration of Competing Interest
REFERENCES

• 엄태경(국립생태원 멸 종위기종복원센터) | Tae-Kyung Eom (Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea)
• 박용수(국립생태원 멸 종위기종복원센터) | Yong Su Park (Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea)
• 김주희(국립생태원 멸 종위기종복원센터) | Joo-Hee Kim (Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea)
• 이동호(중앙대학교 생명자원공학부) | Dong-Ho Lee (School of Bioresource and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea)
• 고현규(중앙대학교 생명자원공학부) | Hyeongyu Ko (School of Bioresource and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea)
• 김정우(중앙대학교 생명자원공학부) | Jeong-Woo Kim (School of Bioresource and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea)
• 김나영(중앙대학교 생명자원공학부) | Na-Young Kim (School of Bioresource and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea)
• 노세은(중앙대학교 생명자원공학부) | Se-Eun Noh (School of Bioresource and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea)
• 임신재(중앙대학교 생명자원공학부) | Shin-Jae Rhim (School of Bioresource and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea) Corresponding author
• 강완모(국민대학교 산림환경시스템학과) | Wan Mo Kang (Department of Forestry, Environment and Systems, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea)
• 이진홍(국립공원공단) | Jin Hong Lee (Korea National Park Service, Wonju 26441, Republic of Korea)