This study aims to examine the Bologna Process in the reform of European higher education over the past decade. The year 2010 saw the completion of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) since the Bologna Process has been adopted, European higher education has expanded both quantitatively and qualitatively with full participation of European countries and the position of higher education in Europe elevated to a central position in the development and promotion of the competitiveness of European countries. While integration, quality assurance, lifelong learning and student mobility are considered to be its main achievements, the socioeconomic situation among the member countries hinders the Bologna Process from successful implementation. As a result, four questions in regards to the Bologna Process are asked. These are whether ‘soft-law governance’ is working, whether there is an ‘unchallenged consensus,’ whether a ‘brain-drain or brain circulation’ is occurring, and whether it is an example of ‘educational innovation.’ In conclusion, bottom-up governance and open coordination among various groups in higher education will create an agenda for a higher education motivating paradigm change toward student-based learning and education. As a result, the Bologna Process may be a ‘global teacher’ leading the change in higher education reform in European and non-European countries

• Jhong-Kyu Leeh(University of Exeter in UK)
• Sung-Sang Yoo(University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA))