근대 이전 동아시아 여러 나라의 글쓰기는 한문이었다. 당시 동아시아의 세계는 한자·한문 문명권에 속해 있었기 때문에 정치·외교·문화적인 소통을 위하여 당연 히 한문의 글쓰기가 필요했다. 그런데 19세기 후반 이후 이런 전통의 글쓰기와 인 식체계에 큰 변화가 있었다. 표기체계의 획기적인 전환과 함께 문체의 구조적 문 제가 발생하였다. 한문을 보편적으로 구사해오던 동아시아 어문의 질서로부터 이 탈, 근대적인 국민어가 탄생하였다. 근대적인 전환·변혁이 하나의 구체적인 사회 적 현상이 되었기에 그에 대한 언어적인 표현으로 드러난 것이다. 동아시아의 근 대적인 전환과 변혁은 과거의 문물제도와는 다른 학술문화와 지식 체계의 전환을 의미했다. 그런데, 이 시기에 동아시아는 근대 문명의 새로운 언어로 ‘한자 어휘’를 대량산출한다. 그것은 당시 서구의 지식과 학문의 체계를 동아시아권의 언어로 번역하는 과정에서 일어난 일이다. 흥미로운 것은 그렇게도 부정하려고 하고 타자화하려 했던 한자·한문의 문화에서 비롯된 한자 어휘로 서구어를 번역했다는 사실이다. 즉 통사구조는 자국의 구어와 일치시키고, 문장의 내용을 구성하는 어휘는 ‘근대 한자 어휘’로 대체했다. 이는 서양을 수용하면서 언어에 있어서 자국어 운동을 전 개하며 문자표기와 문장을 언어와 일치시키려는 운동이다. 그러나 20세기의 중국을 제외한 동아시아 각국은 한자 어휘마저도 거부하는 어 문 정책을 폈다. 이런 상황 속에서 한국은 2007년 개정 교육과정과 2009년 개정 교육과정에서 초등학교는 여전히 한자 교육을 배제하고, 중·고등학교의 한문 교육 도 이전에 비해 훨씬 축소되었다. 따라서 근대 형성된 동아시아의 한자 어휘 문화 권도 위기를 맞고 있다. 이에 아시아 여러 나라들의 학술활동의 국제적인 연대가 필요하다.

In East-Asia, before modern times, writings in several country were written in Han Character. At that time, because the world of East-Asia belonged to Han Character and Classics cultural sphere, for the political, diplomatic and cultural communication naturally they needed Han Character writing. However, after the late 19th century, a great change happened that these traditional writing and recognition system faltered from the foundation. With the innovative changeover of writing system, structural problem of writing style occurred. It shed the order of East-Asian language and writing which used Han Character in common, modern national language was born. Movement of modern national language was not launched unexpectedly on the linguistic side. Modern change and innovation has been a concrete social phenomenon so that it emerged linguistic expression. Modern change and innovation of East-Asian entering upon 20 century were the replacement of academic culture and knowledge system different from the past civilization and regime. For that, East-Asia which had interchanged in a culture sphere before was disorganized by force. It is what changed the linguistic order, which is usage of Han Character that keep East-Asia for a long time modernistic. Each countries came to persue the sentence system and orthography coinciding with their spoken English from linguistic system which had written sentences in Han Character. Thereupon, the circumstance of East-Asian empire has changed largely and got to where we are today. They were boycott of Han Character and Classics culture. Boycott of Han Character and Classics culture was the course that each countries had to experience in the modern age of innovation and connected to dissolution of Han Character culture sphere. But, in other side, it was the consequence that obsession of East-Asia overwhelmed by Occidental civilization had operated in those days. However, in this period East-Asia produce 'Han Character vocabulary' for new language of modern civilization in large scale. It happened on the course of translating Western knowledge and learning system into East-Asian language at that time. East-Asian countries tried to translate knowledge and information about Occidental civilization into national language they newly supported. What is the interest thing on this process is that they translated Western language into Han Character vocabulary originated from Han Character and Classics they tried to boycott. That is, it is that syntactic rules confirmed to national spoken language and the vocabulary which compose contents of sentences replaced it with 'Modern Chinse Character Vocabulary'. This means that accepting the West and developing the national language movement about language they doesn't replace new Western knowledge with Western language or native tongue but did it with Chinse Character and Classics' coinage. However each country of East-Asia except China in 20th century carried out policies that broke with even Han Character Vocabulary. In this situation, Han Character education of Korean in elementary school was excluded in 2007 and 2009 revised education curriculum, also, Han Character education of middle and high school was minimuzed much better than before. So, Han Character vocabulary culture sphere of East-Asia is in pinch. Therefore, it needs the research activities of many Asian countries and international bonds.

近代以前，大部分东亚地区国家的写文形式都为汉文。当时东亚世界都属于汉字、汉文文化圈， 为了促进政治、文化方面的交流，自然而然地需要取汉文体系书写形式。然而，到了19世纪后期以来，这些传统的书写形式的认识体系及传统上起了重大变化。就是到了书写及写文体系发生重大转变时期，而且文体结构方面也也更大的变化。简直说，从此摆脱了一直以来用共同使用汉文的东亚语文的传统秩序，居然诞生了更加近代化的普遍语言。这就充分反映当时已成为一种近代化的转换社会现象的和变革，直接体现在具体语言的表达及使用层面。由于过去的文物制度不同，东亚地区一些国家向近代化的转换与变革，对学术文化和知识体系也带来了重大变化带来历史上、文化上的大变化的意义。每个国家脱离传统汉字、汉文圈，各自各走成了独特独立自己文化的国家。与此相反，当时的东亚地区国家还大产生大量的汉字词汇，这些词汇都是作为近代文明的新语言的词汇。当时进入大量的西方知识与文学体系内容要翻译使用能沟通东亚文化圈的语言形式。当时新成的大部分新词汇都是有这样的背景。对这种情况，我们发现当时社会的矛盾情况，人们一方面想排斥和改革汉字、汉文文化，另一方面则用其汉字词汇来对西方语言进行翻译。也就是说，试图将具体句法结构与本国语进行统一，而将构成文章内同的词汇以近代式汉字词汇来取代。这就说明他们在接受西方文化同时，在语言方面则进行本国语运动，以文字标记与文章和语言实现统一。不过，到了20世纪后，除了中国之外，东亚各国都展开了排斥汉字词汇上使用汉字的语文政策。到了仍然还使用汉字词汇，反对教汉字的矛盾的情况。在此情况下，韩国教育部在2007、2009年改修教育过程里，还是把韩国的所有小学将汉字教育仍排除在外，而在高中学校里的汉文教育范围也大幅缩小了。同样的问题，也存在全东亚地区汉字词汇文化国家里的教育。因此，笔者认为现在是所从近代以后形成的东亚地区汉字词汇文化圈也正面临着重大危机，在此情况下，亚洲各个国家之间更加促进学术活动和国际层次的连带是势在必行的。

Ⅰ. 序論
Ⅱ. 近代 以前의 漢字文化圈 言語 交流의 樣相
Ⅲ. 近代 漢字文化圈의 再形成
Ⅳ. 韓國의 漢字․漢文 敎育의 現況
Ⅴ. 結論

• 宋秉烈(嶺南大學校漢文敎育科敎授) | 송병렬