The α-proteobacterium Wolbachia is maternally inherited and is known to induce reproductive distortions in a wide range of insect taxa such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, male killing and parthenogenesis (PI).
When a female is infected with PI-Wolbachia, she does not need a male to produce female offspring, because the female can produce female offspring via gamete duplication without the aid of sperm.
However, in the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma kaykai species, Wolbachia infected parthenogenetic females still produce a fraction of male offspring.
Offspring sex ratio for 10 days are different according to each T. kaykai isofemale line that is infected with PI- Wolbachia. This may be caused by complex interactions between Wolbachia and the host genetic backgrounds on converting sex of infected eggs.