The phylogenetic relationships among the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) have been controversial in several perspective. The present study sequenced a total of ~ 3,500 bp from cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA), and elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) in 80 nymphalid species belonging to seven subfamilies (Linmenitidinae, Heliconiinae, Nymphalinae, Apaturinae, Libytheinae, Satyrinae, and Danainae), along with those of six lycaenid species as outgroups. Phylogenetic analyses via Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithms concordantly supported the subfamilial relationships of (((((Linmenitidinae + Heliconiinae) + (Nymphalinae + Apaturinae)) + Libytheinae) + Satyrinae) + Danainae), with high nodal support for monophyletic subfamilies and tribes. This result is largely consistent with a previous study performed with a substantially large sequence information and morphological characters, except for the position of Libytheinae that has previously been placed as the sister to all reminder of Nymphalidae.

• Xinlong Wan(Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University)
• Min Jee Kim(Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University)
• Joong Won Park(Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University)
• Ah Rha Wang(Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University)
• Jeong Sun Park(Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University)
• Heon Cheon Jeong(Insect Research Institute of Hampyeong)
• Iksoo Kim(Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University)