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Differential gene expression profiles in the venom gland/sac of Eumenes pomioformis (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae)
To determine differential gene expression profiles in the venom gland and sac (gland/sac) of a solitary hunting wasp species, Eumenes pomiformis Fabricius (1781), a subtractive cDNA library was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization. A total of 541 expressed sequence tags (EST) were clustered and assembled into 102 contigs. In total, 37 genes were found from the library by BLASTx search and manual analysis. A eumenitin-like venom peptide, EpVP1, occupied ca. 26% of the library. A novel venom peptide, EpDTX, shared sequence similarity with trypsin inhibitors and dendrotoxin-like venom peptides known as K+ channel blockers, implying it could be responsible for the paralysis of prey. As well as phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase known to be main components of wasp venoms, several contigs encoding enzymes, including metalloendopeptidases and a decarboxylase likely involved in the processing and activation of venomous proteins, peptides, and neurotransmitters, were also isolated from the library. The presence of a gene encoding insulin-like growth factor binding protein suggests that solitary hunting wasps might control the prey to stay in larval stage by their venom. The abundance of these venom components in the venom gland/sac and alimentary canal was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR.
