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Post-harvest Insect Pest Control Using CATTS
A fumigant, methyl bromide (MB), has been widely used to control insect pests on various post-harvest agricultural products. Due to its negative side effects, such as ozone deplete and phytotoxicity, MB should be replaced and alternative control technique ought to be developed. Furthermore, organic agricultural products need to be treated with non-chemical methods. To meet these needs, controlled atmosphere and temperature treatment technique (CATTS) has been developed to control insect and mite pests infesting various post-harvest fruits. CATTS uses heat treatment at 46℃with a gradual increase of temperature program under ananoxia condition (less than 1% O2 and 15% CO2). The heating rate at ramping step is crucial to prevent any heat damage to fruits by mimicking natural conditions during summer period experienced by fruits in orchards. The exposure period to the high temperature is minimized by anoxia condition, which prevents any recovery metabolism occurring in the target insect/mite pests after the heat treatment.
To develop MB alternative technique for exporting apples, CATTS conditions have been determined against several quarantine insect/mite pest, which are restricted from Korean apple import countries. Target insect pests include Grapholita molesta, Adoxophyes paraorana, Tetranychus viennensis, Conogethes punctiferalis, and Carposina sasakii. In each insect species, differences in susceptibility to high temperature were analyzed in all developmental stages. The highest tolerant developmental stages were adults in T. viennensis, but the fifth instar larvae in G. molesta, C. punctiferalis, C. sasakii, and A. paraorana. Gas conditions of CATTS kept 1% O2 and 15% CO2. After the internal fruit temperature increase from 25℃ to 44℃ during ramping stage (120-150 min), CATTS treatment lasted for 1-2 h. Under 1 h CATTS treatment, 100% mortality was recorded in all assays using more than 3,000 individuals of each species of T. viennensis adults, G. molesta fifth instar, C. sasakii fifth instar, and A. paraorana fifth instar. With 2 h CATTS treatment, 100% mortality was recorded in C. punctiferalis assay using 3,022 fifth instar larvae. Under 1 h CATTS treatment, no fruit damage was recorded in Fuji variety of apples. Treatment cost of CATTS is higher than that of methyl bromide (MB) treatment. However, once CATTS is equipped with nitrogen generator, it would be cheaper than MB in treatment cost.
CATTS is a promising post-harvest pest control technique to replace MB treatment. Especially, CATTS would be an ideal control technique to disinfect any pests against organic agricultural products.
