본고는 중국정부의 종교정책이 집약되어 있는 종교사무조례를 중심으로 하여 종교재산, 종교활동, 종교인 신분이라는 세 가지 관점에서 종교권익의 보호와 통제 양상을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 1980년 이래 중국정부는 과거 국가권력에 의해 침탈당했던 종교재산을 종교단체로 환원시키는 정책을 실시하였다. 둘째, 중국정부는 종교단체, 종교학교, 종교활동장소에 대한 등록제를 실시함으로써 종교활동을 효율적으로 통제하려 하고 있다. 셋째, 중국정부는 종교교역자 양성과 신분등록과정에 직간접적으로 개입함으로써 종교교역자의 신분보장과 통제를 동시에 구현하려하고 있다. 특히 티베트 불교와 천주교의 경우 중국내 반발과 국제적 비난을 무릅쓰고 종교교역자의 임명문제에 깊숙이 관여하고 있다. 한편 중국정부는 합법적으로 등록된 종교교역자에 한하여 다양한 신분보장 정책을 실시하고 있다. 결론적으로 중국정부의 종교정책은 권익의 보호와 통제 사이를 균형 잡는 것이라 할 수 있다.

This paper focuses on Religious Affairs Ordinance, the collection of the religious policies of the Chinese government and examines the protection and the control aspects of the religious rights and interests in terms of three aspects; religious property, religious activity and status of religious minister.
First, since 1980, the Chinese government has implemented the policy of returning the pr operty of religion deprived by the state power in the past. The amended Religious Affairs O rdinance effective in 2018 has reflected the changing situation and added some specific pro visions. It has not only supplemented and reinforced the contents in relation to the protecti on of property of religion, but added the financial management and tax administration to g uarantee rights and interests related to the property of religion and intend to have the effici ent control at the same time.
Second, the Chinese government has intended to control religious activities efficiently by i mplementing the registration system for religious institutions, religious schools and places fo r religious activities. For religious institutions, only five registered religious institutions are all owed; Chinese Buddhism Association, Chinese Taoism Association, Catholic Patriotic Union of China, Chinese Christian Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee and Chinese Islam Associa tion. In addition, it strongly controls the religious activities by allowing them only in the reli gious schools and the places of the religious activities under five religious institutions.
Third, the Chinese government intends to implement the guarantee and control of the sta tus of religious ministers at the same time by directly and indirectly intervening in the educ ation of religious ministers and the status registration process. In particular, as for Tibetan B uddhism and Catholicism, despite the resistance within China and international condemnatio n, it is deeply involved in the appointment of religious ministers. On the other hand, the Ch inese government is implementing a variety of status assurance policies only for the legally registered religious ministers.
In conclusion, the religious policies of the Chinese government keep a balance between p rotection and control of rights and interests.

초록
 1. 서론
 2. 종교재산의 보장과 통제
 3. 종교활동의 보장과 통제
 4. 종교교역자 신분의 보장과 통제
 5. 결론
 참고문헌
 논문초록

• 안승웅(부산대학교 인문대학 중어중문학과) | Ahn Seung-Woong