Japan has argued that its recently introduced export control measures toward the Republic of Korea (ROK) are consistent with relevant international guidelines. The ROK has rejected this view and claims that Japan’s measures are inconsistent with World Trade Organization (WTO) law. If a WTO Panel is established to adjudicate this matter, the national security exception clause, specifically Article XXI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994), is likely to be invoked. Russia–Measures concerning Traffic in Transit is one of the few cases in which a WTO Panel has rendered a decision on this article. In general, the doctrine of precedents does not strictly apply; however, it hints that the Panel may require objective arguments to be provided despite the clause’s “self-judging” nature. On its face, Japan appears to have a stronger case, but the Panel would nonetheless be required to make a difficult decision.

1. Introduction
2. Multilateral Export Control Regime
    A. Non-binding Agreements
    B. Binding Agreements
3. Japan’s Export Controls
    A. Overview of Architecture
    B. Recent Update of Japan’s Measures
4. Evaluation under the WTO Law
    A. National Security Exception Clause
    B. Issues to be Discussed
5. Conclusion: Way Forward

• Kotaro Shiojiri(the University of Tokyo)