This study aimed to investigate the effect of ladder-climbing exercise training on neurobiological markers in the hippocampus of mice with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Twenty-one C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to the non-diabetic control (NDC, n = 7), diabetic control (DC, n = 7), and diabetic training (DT, n = 7) groups. The DT group performed ladder-climbing training (LCT) five times a week for eight weeks. We measured the levels of hippocampal neurobiological markers (catalase [CAT], brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], nerve growth factor [NGF], amyloid-beta [Aβ], tau, and CC motif chemokine ligand 11 [CCL11]). The BDNF levels were significantly higher in the DT group than in the DC group (p < 0.05). The Aβ and CCL11 levels were significantly higher in the DC group than in the NDC and DT groups (p < 0.05). The tau levels were significantly higher in the DC group than in the NDC group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in CAT and NGF levels among the groups (p > 0.05). These results suggest that while T2DM could induce neurodegeneration, LCT may be effective in alleviating neurodegeneration caused by T2DM.

Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
    2.1. Experimental animals
    2.2. T2DM induction and ladder-climbingtraining (LCT) protocol
    2.3. Blood and tissue sampling
    2.4. Blood and tissue analysis
    2.5. Statistical analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
References

• Ki-Ok Shin(Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University)
• Jinhee Woo(Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University)
• Chan-Ho Park(Department of Leisure and Sport, Dong-Eui University)
• Byung-Kon Yoon(Department of Physical Education, Dong-Eui University)
• Do-Yeon Kim(Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University)
• Hee-Tae Roh(Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University) Corresponding author