In this study, we investigated the effects of indole on biofilm formation inhibition in Pantoea agglomerans (P. agglomerans). In the biofilm growth assay, indole inhibited biofilm formation across all the growth time. Depending on biofilm growth stage, indole exhibited biofilm inhibition and anti-bacterial effects on planktonic cells. Through the analysis of the proportion rate between biofilm and Colony Forming Units (CFU) and inhibition rate of indole, we confirmed that depending on the biofilm stage of P. agglomerans, indole treatment timing was more important than the treatment duration. By comparing gene expression rates through rt-qPCR P.agglomerans affected by indole was found to significantly change quorum sensing (pagI/R) and indole transportation (bssS) gene expressions. Throughout all, indole exhibited both antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects on P. agglomerans. In addition, we confirmed the anti-biofilm effects of indole on mature biofilm. In conclusion, indole as a signal molecule, can exhibit anti-biofilm effects through bacterial quorum sensing inhibition and indole affects. Therefore, indole can regulate biofilm bacteria especially gram-negative opportunistic pathogens.

Abstract
1. 서 론
2. 재료 및 방법
    2.1. 사용 균주 빛 배지
    2.2. 시간에 따른 바이오필름 및 planktonic 상태형성
    2.3. 흡광도를 이용한 바이오필름 측정
    2.4. 바이오필름 내의 생균 수 비교
    2.5. Real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR)을 통한 유전자 발현비교
    2.6. 통계분석
3. 결과 및 고찰
    3.1. 인돌의 P. agglomerans의 바이오필름 생성 조절
    3.2. CFU를 통한 인돌의 항균능에 따른 바이오필름내의 개체수 비교 분석
    3.3. 유전자 발현 통한 인돌의 P. agglomerans의 바이오필름 생성 억제능
4. 결 론
감사의 글
REFERENCES

• 진슬(한동대학교 생명과학부) | Seul Jin (Department of Life-Science, Handong Global University)
• 양웅석(포항노다지마을㈜) | Woong-Suk Yang (Nodaji R&D Center, Nodaji Co., Ltd.)
• 황철원(한동대학교 GLS학부) | Cher-Won Hwang (Global Leadership School, Handong Global University) Corresponding author
• 이재용(경운대학교 항공신소재공학과) | Jae-Yong Lee (Department of Advanced Aerospace Materials Engineering, Kyungwoon University)