Periodontitis and periimplantitis are caused as a result of dental biofilm formation. This biofilm is composed of multiple species of pathogens. Therefore, controlling biofilm formation is critical for disease prevention. To inhibit biofilm formation, sugars can be used to interrupt lectin-involving interactions between bacteria or between bacteria and a host. In this study, we evaluated the effect of D-Arabinose on biofilm formation of putative periodontal pathogens as well as the quorum sensing activity and whole protein profiles of the pathogens. Crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that D-Arabinose inhibited biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis , Fusobacterium nucleatum , and Tannerella forsythia . D-Arabinose also significantly inhibited the activity of autoinducer 2 of F. nucleatum and the expression of representative bacterial virulence genes. Furthermore, D-Arabinose treatment altered the expression of some bacterial proteins. These results demonstrate that D-Arabinose can be used as an antibiofilm agent for the prevention of periodontal infections.

Introduction
Materials and Methods
    1. Bacterial culture
    2. Effect of D-Arabinose on growth of planktonicbacteria
    3. Biofilm formation assay
    4. Effect of D-Arabinose on F. nucleatum AI-2 activity
    5. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)
    6. Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of D-Arabinosetreatedbacteria
    7. Statistical analysis
Results
    1. Inhibitory effect of D-Arabinose on biofilmformation of periodontal pathogens
    2. Inhibition of F. nucleatum AI-2 activity byD-Arabinose
    3. Inhibition of expression of virulence factors byD-Arabinose
    4. Modification of protein profiles of periodontalpathogens by D-Arabinose
Discussion
References

• Sun-Jin An(Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University)
• Jong-Uk Namkung(Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University)
• Kyung-Won Ha(Bone Science R&D Center, OSSTEM IMPLANT Co., Ltd)
• Hye-Kyoung Jun(Bone Science R&D Center, OSSTEM IMPLANT Co., Ltd)
• Hyun Young Kim(Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University)
• Bong-Kyu Choi(Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University) Correspondence to