Purpose: This study aimed to understand the impact of nurses’ psychosocial experiences in COVID-19 on their mental health and the psychosocial adjustment and growth of patients with COVID-19. Methods: This study used qualitative content analysis. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with 10 nurses with COVID-19 from February 24, 2022, to March 17, 2022. Results: Six themes were identified in the qualitative content analysis, including ‘Psychological burden after diagnosis’, ‘Acceptance of confirmed results’, ‘Difficulties caused by change in an unfamiliar environment’, ‘Confusion after returning to daily life’, ‘Mental state after a complete recovery’, ‘Incomplete prevention of infectious disease and control guidelines’. Conclusion: In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the physical and mental health of nurses can have a significant impact on the quality of medical care; therefore, an understanding of their psychosocial adjustment will help support nurses adjust better in future pandemic situations.