The synthesis of graphene and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) employing various approaches with a range of precursors, chemicals, and parameters has been reported. Most of the top-down and bottom-up techniques employ strong and hazardous chemical environments, complicated and tedious procedures, are time-consuming, and often require special equipment. Another drawback of the techniques reported is the production of agglomerated, inhomogeneous, and non-dispersible graphene in aqueous solvents or organic solvents, thus limiting its application. This work specifically and comprehensively describes the electrochemical exfoliation of graphene and GQDs, which is often considered as a simple one-step, facile, non-hazardous, and highly efficient technique yet favourable for mass production. A brief discussion on the advantageous and challenges of the electrochemical technique and applications of the electrochemically exfoliated graphene and GQDs is also presented.

    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Electrochemical exfoliation of graphene and GQDs
        2.1 Electrochemical exfoliation of graphene
        2.2 Electrochemical exfoliation of GQDs
    3 Advantages and challenges of electrochemical technique
    4 Applications of electrochemically prepared graphene and GQDs
    5 Conclusion
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Wan Hazman Danial(Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia)
• Noriliya Aina Norhisham(Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia)
• Ahmad Fakhrurrazi Ahmad Noorden(Advanced Optoelectronics Research Group (CAPTOR), Department of Physics, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia)
• Zaiton Abdul Majid(Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia)
• Kazunari Matsumura(Department of Material Science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology)
• Anwar Iqbal(School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia)