Despite numerous advances in in-vitro embryo production (IVP), many documented factors have been shown to influence the development of mammalian preimplantation embryos and the success of IVP. In this sense, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) correlate with poor outcomes in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) due to oxidative stress (OS), which results from an imbalance between ROS production and neutralization. Indeed, excessive production of ROS compromises the structural and functional integrity of gametes and embryos both in vivo and in vitro. In particular, OS damages proteins, lipids, and DNA and accelerates cell apoptosis. Several in-vivo and in-vitro studies report an improvement in qualityrelevant parameters after the use of various antioxidants. In this review, we focus on OS and the source of free radicals and their effects on oocytes, sperm, and the embryo during IVP. In addition, antioxidants and their important role in IVP, supplementation during oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro culture (IVC), and semen extenders were discussed. Nevertheless, various methods for determining the level of ROS in germ cells have been briefly described. Still, it is crucial to develop standardized antioxidant supplement systems to improve overall IVP success. Further studies should explore the safety, efficacy, mechanism of action, and combination of different antioxidants to improve IVP outcomes.

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES

• Areeg Almubarak(Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology)
• Il-Jeoung Yu(Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University)
• Yubyeol Jeon(Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University) Corresponding author