In today’s world, carbon-based materials research is much wider wherein, it requires a lot of processing techniques to manufacture or synthesize. Moreover, the processing methods through which the carbon-based materials are derived from synthetic sources are of high cost. Processing of such hierarchical porous carbon materials (PCMs) was slightly complex and only very few methods render carbon nano-materials (CNMs) with high specific surface area. Once it is processed, which paves a path to versatile applications. CNMs derived from biological sources are widespread and their application spectrum is also very wide. This review focuses on biomass-derived CNMs from various plant sources for its versatile applications. The major thrust areas of energy storage include batteries, super-capacitors, and fuel cells which are described in this article. Meanwhile, the challenges faced during the processing of biomass-derived CNMs and their future prospects are also discussed comprehensively.

Carbon nano-materials (CNMs) derived from biomass for energy storage applications: a review
    Abstract
        Graphical abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 CNMs from biomass
        2.1 Carbon from swine manure
        2.2 Carbon from waste lotus parts
        2.3 CNMs from tobacco waste
        2.4 Sodium alginate-based nanoporous carbon
        2.5 Lignin-based carbon
        2.6 Porous carbon from bio-oils
        2.7 AC from date-seed biomass and waste plastics
    3 Applications of CNMs derived from biomass
        3.1 Electrochemical energy storage applications
        3.2 Batteries
            3.2.1 Potassium ion batteries
            3.2.2 Lithium-based batteries
        3.3 CNMs in super-capacitors
        3.4 Hydro-voltaic technology
        3.5 Adsorption and energy conversion applications
        3.6 Gas storage applications
    4 Challenges and future prospects
    5 Conclusion
    References

• L. Rajeshkumar(Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India)
• M. Ramesh(Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India)
• V. Bhuvaneswari(Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India)
• D. Balaji(Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India)