Rechargeable zinc-based batteries (RZBs) with the advantages of high safety, low cost, abundant resources and environmental friendliness, are considered as advanced secondary battery systems that can be applied to large-scale energy storage. As an important cathode material for RZBs, NASICON-type Na3V2( PO4)3 (NVP) possesses three-dimensional and large-scale ion channels that facilitate the rapid diffusion of Zn2+, and has a higher average operating voltage compared with other vanadiumbased compounds, thus exhibiting the possibility of realizing RZBs with high energy density. However, NVP still has some problems, such as poor electronic conductivity and spontaneous dissolution in aqueous solution. The sluggish kinetics of Zn2+ (de)intercalation in NVP and dendritic growth on the Zn anode also contribute to the poor rate performance and short cycle life of the batteries. In this review, optimization strategies for the electrochemical performance of RZBs with NVP as cathode are systematically elaborated, including modification of NVP cathode and optimization of electrolyte. Several mainstream energy storage mechanisms and analysis methods in this battery system are sorted out and summarized. On this basis, the development direction of NVP–RZB system is further prospected.

Recent advances of Na3V2(PO4)3 as cathode for rechargeable zinc-based batteries
    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Modification of Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode
        2.1 Carbon coating
            2.1.1 Ex-situ carbon coating
            2.1.2 In-situ carbon coating
        2.2 Ionic doping
            2.2.1 Anionic doping
            2.2.2 Cationic doping
    3 Optimization of electrolyte
        3.1 Increasing solute concentration
        3.2 Adjusting ionic composition
        3.3 Using nonaqueous electrolytes
    4 Energy storage mechanism
        4.1 Zn2+ (de)intercalation mechanism
        4.2 Zn2+Na+ (de)intercalation mechanism
        4.3 Zn2+ depositiondissolution mechanism
    5 Summary and perspectives
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Qi Fan(School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China)
• Wei Wang(College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China, China State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 210009, China)
• Yueming Sun(School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China)
• Qingyu Xu(School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China)
• Wenshan Gou(School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China)
• Peng Wang(School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China)
• Jian Peng(School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China)
• Tian Jiang(School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China)
• Kunpeng Ding(School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China)