The surface of titanium (Ti) dental implants was modified by applying a zinc (Zn)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating. Initially, the Ti surfaces were etched with NaOH, followed by a hydrolysis co-condensation using tetrabutyl titanate (TBT, Ti(OC4H9)4) and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2 ‧ 6H2O), with ammonia water (NH3 ‧ H2O) acting as a hydroxide anion source. The morphology and chemical composition of the Zn-doped TiO2-coated Ti plates were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Synthesis temperatures were carefully adjusted to produce anatase Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with a bipyramidal structure and approximate sizes of 100 nm. Wettability tests and cell viability assays demonstrated the biomedical potential of these modified surfaces, which showed high biocompatibility with a survival rate of over 95 % (p < 0.05) and improved wettability. Corrosion resistance tests using potentiodynamic polarization reveal that Zn-TiO2-treated samples with an anatase crystal structure exhibited a lower corrosion current density and more noble corrosion potential compared to samples coated with a rutile structure. This method offers a scalable approach that could be adapted by the biomaterial industry to improve the functionality and longevity of various biomedical implants.

Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
    2.1. Raw materials
    2.2. Pretreatment of Ti surface
    2.3. Preparation of Zn-doped TiO2 coating
    2.4. Surface characterizations
    2.5. Water contact angle measurement
    2.6. Cell viability test
    2.7. Electrochemical measurements
3. Results and Discussion
    3.1. Basic characterization of Zn-TiO2@Ti samples
    3.2. Wettability of the modified surface
    3.3. Cell viability of Zn-TiO2@Ti samples
    3.4. Electrochemical analysis
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Author Information

• Minseo Yu(Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea)
• Yo Han Song(Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea)
• Mi-Kyung Han(Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea) Corresponding author