Graphene has been extensively investigated as a host material for Li metal anodes owing to its light weight, high electrical conductivity, high surface area, and exceptional mechanical rigidity. Many studies have focused on assembling twodimensional (2D) graphene sheets into three-dimensional (3D) forms, such as lamination, spheres, and carbon nanotubes; however, little attention has been paid to the technology of modifying 2D graphene sheets. Herein, nanoperforated graphene (NPG) was fabricated through a relatively straightforward process employing metal oxide catalysts based on aqueous solutions. Nanoperforations exhibited a size of approximately 5 nm and were introduced on the graphene sheet and lithiophilic carbonyl groups (C = O) at the edges, facilitating the rapid diffusion of Li+ and lowering the Li nucleation overpotential. In comparison to the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) host, the NPG host exhibited a lower lithium nucleation overpotential and a stable overpotential of ~ 30 mV for over 150 cycles as a stable host structure as a Li metal anode for Li metal batteries.

Nanoperforated graphene hosts for stable lithium metal anodes
    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Experimental
        2.1 Preparation of NPGs
        2.2 Material characterization
        2.3 Electrochemical measurements
    3 Results and discussion
    4 Conclusion
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Jeong‑A Kim(Department of Battery Convergence Engineering, Kangwon University, 1, Kangwondaehak‑Gil, Chuncheon‑Si, Gangwon‑Do, Republic of Korea, Interdisciplinary Program in Advanced Functional Materials and Devices Development, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea)
• Dong‑Kyu Kim(Department of Battery Convergence Engineering, Kangwon University, 1, Kangwondaehak‑Gil, Chuncheon‑Si, Gangwon‑Do, Republic of Korea, Interdisciplinary Program in Advanced Functional Materials and Devices Development, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea)
• Hyeung‑Keun Shin(Department of Battery Convergence Engineering, Kangwon University, 1, Kangwondaehak‑Gil, Chuncheon‑Si, Gangwon‑Do, Republic of Korea, Interdisciplinary Program in Advanced Functional Materials and Devices Development, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea)
• Sang‑Won Jeong(Department of Battery Convergence Engineering, Kangwon University, 1, Kangwondaehak‑Gil, Chuncheon‑Si, Gangwon‑Do, Republic of Korea, Interdisciplinary Program in Advanced Functional Materials and Devices Development, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea)
• Young‑Hyun Hong(Department of Battery Convergence Engineering, Kangwon University, 1, Kangwondaehak‑Gil, Chuncheon‑Si, Gangwon‑Do, Republic of Korea, Interdisciplinary Program in Advanced Functional Materials and Devices Development, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea)
• Byeong‑Jun Kang(Department of Battery Convergence Engineering, Kangwon University, 1, Kangwondaehak‑Gil, Chuncheon‑Si, Gangwon‑Do, Republic of Korea)
• Wook Ahn(Department of Energy Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyang‑ro, Shinchang‑myeon, Asan‑Si, Chungcheongnam‑do 31538, Republic of Korea)
• Jagadeesh Sure(Department of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USADepartment of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA)
• Hyun‑Kyung Kim(Department of Battery Convergence Engineering, Kangwon University, 1, Kangwondaehak‑Gil, Chuncheon‑Si, Gangwon‑Do, Republic of Korea, Interdisciplinary Program in Advanced Functional Materials and Devices Development, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea) Corresponding author