Enhanced concrete construction through carbon incorporation in nanotechnology-enabled cementitious materials can be achieved using biochar. Biochar is a carbon additive, improving concrete’s mechanical strength and durability while reducing porosity and enhancing sustainability. The objective is to leverage the unique properties of biochar, derived from carbon nanotechnology, to improve mechanical strength durability, and reduce porosity in concrete. By integrating biochar, this research aims to develop a more resilient and environmentally friendly construction material, addressing performance and sustainability challenges in modern concrete construction. However, a significant research gap exists in understanding biochar's long-term effects and optimal concentrations in cementitious matrices. This study seeks to fill this gap by systematically investigating the performance enhancements and material properties imparted by biochar in various concrete formulations. The study demonstrated that incorporating carbon-rich biochar into concrete significantly enhances its structural performance and sustainability. The life-cycle assessment (LCA) of biochar-incorporated concrete reveals significant environmental benefits, highlighting its potential for sustainable construction practices. Integrating biochar into concrete enhances the material’s durability and longevity, reducing the need for frequent repairs and replacements, thus conserving resources. The use of biochar supports sustainable waste management by utilizing agricultural and forestry residues, thereby reducing waste and conserving natural resources. Nanotechnology in concrete, through the use of biochar, improves the material’s mechanical properties, creating a denser and more durable matrix that requires less maintenance. These findings underscore the dual benefits of enhancing concrete performance while promoting environmental sustainability, making biochar-incorporated concrete a promising solution for eco-friendly construction. Optimal biochar concentration at 7% by weight improved compressive strength by 20%, reduced freeze–thaw damage by 80%, and decreased chemical degradation by up to 85%. Additionally, biochar reduced concrete porosity and water absorption, creating a denser and more durable matrix. These results highlight the dual benefits of using biochar for carbon sequestration and improving concrete's mechanical properties, supporting its use in sustainable construction practices.

Application of nanotechnology in cementitious materials for enhanced concrete construction through carbon incorporation
    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Methodology
        2.1 Study framework
        2.2 Mixing procedure
        2.3 Curing and storage
        2.4 Preparation of biochar
    3 Results and discussion
        3.1 Testing methodology
        3.2 Compressive strength test
        3.3 Freeze–thaw resistance test
        3.4 Chemical resistance test
        3.5 Porosity and water absorption test
        3.6 Surface characterization and analytical techniques
            3.6.1 Surface characterization: SEM and EDS
            3.6.2 Surface area and porosity: BET method
            3.6.3 Chemical properties and phase composition: XRD and FTIR
    4 Conclusion
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Lingli Wang(College of Urban Construction, Xi ’an Siyuan University, Xi ’an 710038, Shaanxi, China)
• Wen Xu(College of Urban Construction, Xi ’an Siyuan University, Xi ’an 710038, Shaanxi, China)
• Ibrahim Albaijan(Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Al Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia)
• Hamad Almujibah(Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif City 21974, Saudi Arabia)
• Riadh Marzouki(Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413 Abha, Saudi Arabia)
• Sana Toghroli(Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador, Department of Civil Engineering, Kavir Company Holding, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia)