Conventional bipolar electrodes (typically with round or flat tips) deliver radiofrequency energy in a broad, continuous manner. Their larger tip size and simple shape cause the applied energy to disperse over a wide area, making precise lesion control difficult and often leading to collateral tissue damage. As a result of these design limitations, traditional electrodes exhibit lower energy efficiency and tend to create lesions that unintentionally extend beyond the target area, with excessive thermal spread to surrounding tissues. In contrast, the five newly developed bipolar electrode designs concentrate energy delivery more effectively and provide improved control over lesion size and shape. These novel electrodes demonstrated higher energy efficiency, produced well-confined lesions, and minimized thermal injury to adjacent tissues, thereby overcoming the major drawbacks of conventional designs.

Abstract
1. 서 론
2. 실험 장치 및 방법
3. 실험 결과 및 고찰
    3.1 소작기의 출력 특성
    3.2 소작기의 출력 전달 효율
    3.3 실험 결과 고찰
4. 결 론
References

• 강병욱(Gangneung-wonju National University, Mechanical Engineering) | Byungwook Kang Corresponding author
• 신준(Professor of Gangneung-wonju National University, Mechanical Engineering) | Joon Shin