Five novel miniature bipolar radiofrequency (RF) electrode tips with distinct tip geometries (spherical, flat, square, and 45° angled) were developed to enable high-precision tissue ablation. Performance was evaluated on saline-soaked tissue, ex vivo bovine liver, and porcine muscle under consistent RF power settings. All designs produced highly localized lesions only a few millimeters across, confirming precise ablation with minimal damage to surrounding tissue. Tip geometry influenced ablation efficiency: a 45° angled tip created ~5 mm lesions at lower power (highest efficiency), whereas an ultra-fine 1.0 mm tip produced ~1 mm lesions but required higher power. These results indicate that the new bipolar RF electrodes achieve precise, localized tissue ablation with minimal surrounding tissue damage and show promise for precise lesion removal in minimally invasive surgery.

Abstract
1. 서 론
2. 실험 장치 및 방법
3. 실험 및 결과 고찰
    3.1 전극별 출력 특성
    3.2 식염수 티슈 실험 결과 및 고찰
    3.3 소 간 조직 실험 결과 및 고찰
4. 결 론
References

• 강병욱(Gangneung-wonju National University, Mechanical Engineering) | Byungwook Kang Corresponding author
• 신준(Gangneung-wonju National University, Mechanical Engineering) | Joon Shin