This study investigated how adding nanoparticles to cocklebur biodiesel affected a 4-stroke compression ignition (CI) engine. The biodiesel was mixed with titanium oxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 4 ppm in each blend. Engine performance characteristics were examined including consumed gas heat, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The tests were conducted under a variety of loads and speeds, and the outcomes were compared to those from tests using only pure diesel and only pure biodiesel. According to the findings, adding nanoparticles to the biodiesel enhanced engine performance, with the highest gains being shown at B36F4 content. At 75 % and 100 % load, the BSFC was reduced by 6.8 % and 7.6 %, respectively. When compared to pure biodiesel, the brake thermal efficiency increased by 6.7 % and 8.8 %. The temperature of the exhaust gas decreased as the concentration of nanoparticles increased. The performance of the 4-stroke CI engine was improved when nanoparticles were added to cocklebur biodiesel making it a competitive alternative to traditional diesel fuel.

Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
    2.1. Blend preparation
    2.2. Test blends
3. Results and Discussion
    3.1. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE)
    3.2. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
    3.3. Mechanical efficiency
    3.4. Carbon monoxide (CO)
    3.5. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
    3.6. Hydrocarbon (HC)
    3.7. Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
    3.8. Smoke opacity
    3.9. Vibration
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Author Information

• Niraj Balkrishna Dole(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Matoshri College of Engineering and Research Center, Nashik 422105, India) Corresponding author
• Pratap Ramesh Sonawane(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Matoshri College of Engineering and Research Center, Nashik 422105, India) Corresponding author
• Yogesh Kishor Mogal(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Matoshri College of Engineering and Research Center, Nashik 422105, India)
• Dipak Kisan Dond(Department of Mechanical Engineering, MET’ Institute of Engineering, Nashik 422105, India)