Carbon electrodes, renowned for their excellent moisture and air stability, present a compelling alternative to unstable hole transport materials and costly metal electrodes. In carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs), organic materials play a crucial role in optimizing the surface characteristics and electrochemical performance of carbon electrodes, thereby enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency. By incorporating organic material additives to modulate the pore structure and surface chemistry of carbon electrodes, the processes of photon absorption and electron transport can be effectively promoted, leading to an improvement in device performance. This article comprehensively reviews the latest research progress of organic C-PSCs, covering their device structures, working principles, as well as the modification methods, advantages, and application effects of organic materials in different layers of C-PSCs. Finally, the applications of in-situ characterization and first-principles calculations in this field are briefly introduced, providing theoretical and experimental support for in-depth research. Based on the above research and analysis, optimization strategies such as enhancing charge selectivity, improving the contact between the electrode and the perovskite layer, and enhancing the quality of the perovskite layer are proposed to drive the further development of organic C-PSCs.

Research progress on perovskite solar cells based on organic carbon electrodes
    Abstract
        Graphical abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Progress in the modification of organic C-PSCs
        2.1 Advances of organic materials for improving stability and efficiency
        2.2 Advances in organic materials manufacturing process for reducing costs and enhancing processability
        2.3 Advances of organic materials for improving mechanical flexibility and lightweight characteristics
        2.4 Advances of organic materials for improving environmental friendliness and sustainability
    3 Advances of organic materials applicated in various layers of C-PSCs
        3.1 Organic materials in carbon-based electrodes
        3.2 Organic materials in carbon electrodeperovskite layer interface
        3.3 Organic additives in perovskite layer
        3.4 Organic materials in hole transport layer
    4 In-situ characterization and first-principles calculations in organic C-PSCs
        4.1 In-situ characterization techniques for dynamic processes at interfaces
            4.1.1 In-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
            4.1.2 In-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD)
            4.1.3 Photoluminescence (PL)
        4.2 First-principles calculations for atomic-scale mechanism analysis
    5 Progress in research on optimization strategies for the efficiency of organic C-PSCs
        5.1 Strategies to enhance charge selectivity
        5.2 Strategies to improve contact performance between electrodes and perovskite layer
        5.3 Strategies to improve the quality of the perovskite layer
    6 Conclusion and perspectives
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Zhikuan Lin(School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Guangzhou 510640, PR China, R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, PR China)
• Zhen Xiong(School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Guangzhou 510640, PR China, R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, PR China)
• Haijun Guo(School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Guangzhou 510640, PR China, R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, PR China)
• Hairong Zhang(School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Guangzhou 510640, PR China, R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, PR China)
• Mengkun Wang(School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Guangzhou 510640, PR China, R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, PR China)
• Lian Xiong(School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Guangzhou 510640, PR China, R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, PR China)
• Xinde Chen(School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, No.2 Nengyuan Road, Guangzhou 510640, PR China, R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, PR China)