Bamboo charcoal has high ecological and economic value, and is a sustainable and valuable resource for the development of advanced materials such as supercapacitors and batteries. The carbon content in bamboo-based white charcoal produced in traditional Korean kiln reaches 100% when the charcoals heat treated up to 2400℃. X-ray diffraction shows that graphite begins to form at 1500℃, becomes more pronounced at 1800℃, and crystallizes into a dense turbostratic structure at 2000℃. At 2400℃, discrete graphite peaks are confirmed in d002 and d100 planes, while carbon isotope peaks disappear. Raman spectroscopy shows that graphite crystals form at 1800℃, as indicated by a clear 2D band at 2680 cm⁻1. At 2400℃, the height of the D band at 1350 cm⁻1 is lower than that of the G band at 1580 cm⁻1, indicating a high degree of graphitization. The isothermal nitrogen adsorption–desorption curves show that the monolayer value of the sample decreases up to 1300℃, accompanied by a low-pressure hysteresis phenomenon. When heat-treated at 1500℃ or higher, this phenomenon disappears and the monolayer value decreases significantly, indicating the disappearance of micropores and occurrence of graphitization. After 10 min. of heat treatment at 2400℃, the specific surface area of the graphitized charcoal becomes 8.45 m2/ g, similar to that of artificial graphite, which shows promising results of 217 mAh/g at a current density of 0.02 A/g for using in Lithium ion battery electrode.

Characterization of high-temperature heat-treated bamboo-based white charcoals for lithium ion battery electrode
    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Experimental procedure
        2.1 Materials
        2.2 Methods
        2.3 Analysis
    3 Results and discussion
        3.1 Thermal analysis
        3.2 Elemental analysis
        3.3 Surface morphology
        3.4 TEM observation of internal structure
        3.5 XRD analysis of structural properties
        3.6 Crystallinity analysis by Raman spectroscopy
        3.7 Adsorption isotherms of heat-treated white charcoal
        3.8 Application of graphitized charcoals using in lithium ion battery electrode
    4 Conclusion
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Young‑Soon Kim(Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam‑ro, Wansan‑gu, Jeonju 55069, Korea)
• Seung‑Kon Ryu(Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam‑ro, Wansan‑gu, Jeonju 55069, Korea)
• Hong‑Gun Kim(Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam‑ro, Wansan‑gu, Jeonju 55069, Korea, Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam‑ro, Wansan‑gu, Jeonju 55069, Korea)
• Lee‑Ku Kwac(Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam‑ro, Wansan‑gu, Jeonju 55069, Korea, Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam‑ro, Wansan‑gu, Jeonju 55069, Korea) Corresponding author
• Hyun Cho(Global Prodigy Academy, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea)
• Kiseon Lee(Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam‑ro, Wansan‑gu, Jeonju 55069, Korea)
• Dong‑Wha Ryu(Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam‑ro, Wansan‑gu, Jeonju 55069, Korea)