A flexible heater with high thermal efficiency and mechanical durability was developed by fabricating laser-induced porous graphene (LIPG) electrodes on polyimide films using a 532 nm green laser. Laser power, scan speed, and line distance were precisely optimized based on photothermal simulations to generate uniform porous graphene structures with large surface area and excellent heat dissipation characteristics. Raman, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the optimized LIPG exhibited highly graphitized features with low oxygen defects. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that porous morphologies formed only within a specific laser scan speed range, whereas excessive or insufficient irradiation resulted in collapsed or absent porosity. The serpentine-patterned LIPG heater maintained stable electrical resistance under repeated multidirectional bending, demonstrating excellent flexibility and mechanical stability. The heater also achieved rapid and uniform heating up to 80 °C within seconds, maintaining consistent temperature distribution even on curved surfaces.

1. Introduction 
2. Experimental Section 
    2.1 LIPG 전극 제조를 위한 재료와 방법 
    2.2 광열 시뮬레이션 
    2.3 특성 평가 
3. Results and Discussion 
4. Conclusion 
Funding
Conflict of Interest 
Data Availability Statement 
Author Information and Contribution 
Acknowledgments
References

• 안민기(금오공과대학교 기계시스템공학과) | Min Gi An (Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61, Daehak-ro, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea)
• 이재학(한국생산기술연구원 인간중심생산기술연구소 자율형제조공정연구부문) | Jaehak Lee (Autonomous Manufacturing & Process R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 143 Hanggaulro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea) Corresponding author
• 박정환(금오공과대학교 기계공학과, 항공기계전자융합전공) | Jung Hwan Park (Department of Mechanical Engineering (Department of Aeronautics, Mechanical and Electronic Convergence Engineering), Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61, Daehak-ro, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea) Corresponding author