The potential release of toxic metals such as Li, Ni, and Co into aquatic environments is increasing due to the growth of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) industry and the expansion of recycling processes. In this study, the 24-h acute toxicity of Li, Ni, and Co was evaluated in both single-metal exposures and binary mixture using Daphnia magna. Single-metal toxicity showed the highest toxicity for Co, followed by Li and Ni. Mixture toxicity results indicated antagonistic interactions in the Li-Ni and Li-Co combinations, whereas a strong toxicity enhancement was observed for the Ni-Co combination. Nonlinear interaction patterns dependent on fixed concentrations and concentration ratios were also identified. These findings highlight the limitations of simple additivity assumptions and provide fundamental data for mixture-based ecological risk assessment related to LIB recycling activities.

Abstract
서 론
재료 및 방 법
    1. 시험생물 및 배양 조건
    2. 독성실험
결 과
    1. 단일물질 독성시험 결과
    2. 혼합물질 독성시험 결과
고 찰
결 론
적 요
REFERENCES

• 강지운(전남대학교 환경에너지공학과) | Jiun Kang (Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea)
• 양동효(전남대학교 환경에너지공학과) | Donghyo Yang (Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea)
• 이권섭(전남대학교 환경에너지공학과) | Kwonsub Lee (Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea)
• 김성준(전남대학교 환경에너지공학과) | Seongjun Kim (Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea) Corresponding author