This study compares two representative sundial makers from the mid-latitude regions of the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres—the Kang family of late Joseon Korea and James Stewart (1852–1933) of New Zealand—to analyze how
their sociocultural backgrounds influenced the structure and function of their sundials. Through a combined analysis of
historical literature and surviving artifacts, the research examines both the design principles and the symbolic meanings
embodied in these instruments. The findings reveal that the Kang family’s sundials embodied Joseon’s traditional
calendrical system and Confucian intellectual heritage, symbolizing state authority and familial status, while also serving
practical purposes rooted in a people-centered political philosophy by conveying scientific temporal knowledge to the
populace. In contrast, Stewart’s sundials, grounded in the educational and public-oriented traditions of Britain, incorporated
international and pedagogical features such as major cities’ time differences in the world, zodiac signs, and time correction
table for local time, and were designed for installation in exhibition spaces and gardens to encourage public engagement
and promote the dissemination of scientific knowledge. This comparative study demonstrates that sundials functioned not
merely as instruments for timekeeping but as scientific and cultural heritage shaped by social institutions and cultural
values. Furthermore, it suggests that the study of sundials can be extended beyond the technical history of science to
encompass broader cultural and global-historical perspectives.

ABSTRACT
1. 서론
2. 지평해시계의 천문학적 제작 원리
    2.1. 태양의 겉보기 운행
    2.2. 시각선의 작도
    2.3. 균시차와 경도차 보정
3. 북반구와 남반구의 지평해시계
    3.1. 북반구 지평해시계
    3.2. 남반구 지평해시계
4. 결론
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX

• 이경하(공주대학교) | KYUNG HA LEE (Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea)
• 김상혁(한국천문연구원) | SANG HYUK KIM (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Korea) Corresponding author
• 민병희(한국천문연구원, 충북대학교, 과학기술연합대학원대학교) | BYEONG-HEE MIHN (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Korea, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea)