Critical minerals play a central role in the global energy transition. This article argues that their regulation is significantly shaped by domestic constitutional doctrines alongside geopolitical and industrial considerations. This article emphasizes the role of constitutional sovereignty over natural resources in shaping regulatory autonomy in resource-rich states, by placing the management of critical minerals at the intersection of constitutional law and international natural resource management. This article advances three claims: First, critical minerals constitute a regulatory category determined by global demand and by constitutional constraints embedded within national legal systems. Second, the constitutional framework of Mongolia, particularly Article 6 of the Constitution, uses principles of intergenerational justice, public ownership, and long‑term stewardship to structure the permissible scope of future legislative and regulatory measures. Third, orthodox interpretations of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR) do not fully reflect the constitutional dimension of contemporary resource governance.

1. Introduction
2. Resource Sovereignty under International Law
    A. Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources
    B. Limits of PSNR in the Era of Energy Transition
    C. Critical Minerals as an Emergent Legal Category
3. Constitutional Resource Sovereignty in Mongolia
    A. Overview
    B. Public Ownership and State Trusteeship
    C. Intergenerational Equity and Environmental Rights
    D. Equitable Benefit‑Sharing and the National Wealth Fund
    E. Constitutional Boundaries
4. Comparative Constitutionalism and InternationalResource Governance
    A. Constitutional Resource Sovereignty as a Distinct Model
    B. Comparative Constitutional Perspectives
    C. Implications for International Investment Law
    D. Implications for Global Critical Minerals Governance
    E. Toward a Constitutional Theory of Critical MineralsGovernance
5. Conclusion

• Surakhbayar Galsan(Ph.D. candidate at the School of Law, National University of Mongolia)