Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities of Jelly Supplemented with Enzyme-Treated Defatted Perilla Seed Residue Extracts
This study evaluated the potential of defatted perilla seed residue (DPSR), a byproduct of perilla oil production, as a food upcycling and high-value food ingredient. Extracts were prepared through single or complex enzyme treatments using protease, cellulase and pectinase. These extracts were subsequently incorporated into jellies to analyze their physicochemical quality characteristics, antioxidant composition and activity, and texture profiles. The addition of enzyme-treated DPSR extracts decreased the lightness of the jellies while increasing their redness and yellowness. Among the formulation groups, the protease-based complex enzyme treatment yielded the highest polyphenols and ascorbic acid contents compared to the control, whereas flavonoids contents showed no significant differences among the experimental groups. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were significantly enhanced compared to the control, confirming that the enzymatic treatment enhanced antioxidant activity and this activity was effectively retained after jelly processing. Texture profile analysis revealed that the soluble components released by the enzymatic treatment reinforced the gelatin gel network, resulting in increased hardness and shear force. In conclusion, protease-based complex enzyme treatment improves the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from DPSR and preserves functionality in the final product. These findings serve as foundational data for academic and industrial applications related to food upcycling of agricultural by-products and sustainable food development.