(1) This article examines complex function words in Truyen ki man luc, a Vietnamese literary work written in Classical Chinese in the sixteenth century, consists of four volumes comprising a total of twenty stories and was authored by Nguyen Du (阮嶼 Nguyễn Dữ). The concept of complex function words refers to function words formed through the combination of two individual function words. The system of complex function words identified in Truyen ki man luc comprises 93 lexical items with a total frequency of 277 occurrences, with frequencies ranging from 1 to 22 occurrences. These items are classified into five grammatical categories: pronouns, conjunctions, adverbs, modal particles, and exclamatory particles. Among them, adverbs account for the largest proportion, with 63 items (67.7%) and 169 occurrences (61%). Exclamatory particles appear least frequently in terms of lexical items, with only one item (1.1%), yet display a relatively high frequency of use, occurring 22 times (7.9%). In comparison with complex function words in Classical Chinese, the complex function words in Truyen ki man luc are relatively rich in terms of quantity, frequency, and word classes. (2) All complex function words identified in the Classical Chinese text of Truyen ki man luc (93 items) are semantically and functionally consistent with those used in Classical Chinese texts of China. This correspondence constitutes an important basis for recognizing the close similarity between Vietnamese Classical Chinese texts and Chinese Classical Chinese texts in both lexical and grammatical aspects. (3) Complex function words play a significant role in literary works. In Truyen ki man luc, these complex function words perform important grammatical functions, particularly in textual cohesion and the expression of modal meanings. They also contribute substantially to the construction of artistic imagery through rhetorical devices such as repetition and phonetic parallelism. Moreover, complex function words in Truyen ki man luc possess strong expressive potential, especially exclamatory particles, which are used with notable frequency and are closely associated with evaluative comments on events within individual narratives. The system of complex function words thus contributes to the overall artistic success of Vietnamese prose works written in Classical Chinese during the sixteenth century. (4) The Classical Chinese text was phonemically transcribed into Nom script by Nguyen The Nghi (阮世宜 Nguyễn Thế Nghi), also in the sixteenth century. In the Nom text, complex function words are rendered with a Nom-to-Chinese ratio of 102/93 (i.e., the number of Nom equivalents relative to the number of Chinese items, a ratio greater than 1). This ratio reflects the richness and expressive flexibility of Vietnamese lexical and phrasal resources in translating complex function words from the Classical Chinese text. In comparison, the translation of monosyllabic function words exhibits a Nom-to-Chinese ratio of 271/287 (a ratio less than 1). The contrast between these ratios demonstrates the diversity of translation strategies applied to different categories of function words. (5) The translation of complex function words in Truyen ki man luc from the Classical Chinese text into the Nom text employs a variety of methods, including four principal patterns: one Chinese form to one Nom form, one Chinese form to multiple Nom forms, multiple Chinese forms to one Nom form, and combined translation methods. Among these, the one-Chinese-to-one-Nom method predominates, accounting for 61 lexical items (53.5%) and 161 occurrences (58.1%). This method contributes to the stability and consistency of the translation, while the other methods introduce flexibility and subtlety into the rendering of complex function words. (6) The translated system of complex function words also reflects a strong tendency toward nativization. Purely Vietnamese lexical items account for 87.2% (89/102) of the translated forms and 87% (241/277) of their total frequency. This tendency is further reinforced by the fact that 34 out of the 93 complex function words have been lexicalized in Vietnamese in their Sino-Vietnamese readings, representing 36.5%. These findings reflect both the characteristics of Nguyen The Nghi’s predominantly literal translation approach and the adaptability and richness of the Vietnamese language in the process of assimilating foreign linguistic elements. This trend toward Vietnamization also reflects the maturity of the development of the Nôm script, as well as the growing awareness among Vietnamese intellectuals of the need to preserve the Vietnamese language and writing system. (7) The translated system of complex function words in the Nom text also provides valuable evidence of the historical development of the Vietnamese language. The transcription contributes to reconstructing the linguistic landscape of sixteenth-century Vietnamese by preserving archaic Vietnamese vocabulary and word-forming elements that continue to exist in modern Vietnamese. Words formed from such elements number 13 items (14%) with a total frequency of 56 occurrences (20%). Furthermore, the sixteenth-century transcription preserves several lexical items used to translate Classical Chinese complex function words, many of which (28 items) remain in use in contemporary Vietnamese. The vocabulary of Truyen ki man luc contributes to revealing the relationship among the lexicon of Classical Chinese texts, sixteenth-century Vietnamese, and modern Vietnamese. (8) Lexical studies of literary works from Classical Chinese texts to Nom texts represent a highly promising area of research. This line of inquiry can be further be extended to explore the relationship between language and writing, the development of literary language in Vietnamese Classical Chinese and Nom literature, and the similarities and differences in the lexical and syntactic features of Classical Chinese literary works across different Sinitic literary traditions from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives.

目 錄
1. 引言
2.複合虛詞的概念及《傳奇漫錄》概述
    2.1 複合虛詞的概念
    2.2 《傳奇漫錄》概述
3.《傳奇漫錄》漢文文獻中複合虛詞的資料考察
    3.1 考察範圍
    3.2 考察結果
4.《傳奇漫錄》漢文文獻中複合虛詞的數量、使用頻率及詞類特徵分析
    4.1 數量分析
    4.2 頻率分析
    4.3 詞類分佈
5.《傳奇漫錄》漢文文獻中複合虛詞的功能研究
    5.1 語法功能
    5.2 建構藝術形象的功能
    5.3 情感表達功能
6.《傳奇漫錄》複合虛詞從漢文文獻向喃文文獻轉譯的資料考察
    6.1 考察範圍
    6.2 考察結果
7.《傳奇漫錄》中複合虛詞從漢文文獻向喃文文獻轉譯 特點研究
    7.1 關於漢文文本與喃文文本中詞語對應比例的問題
    7.2 關於轉譯方式
    7.3 喃文轉譯中的本土化趨勢
    7.4 對越南語歷史反映能力的體現
8.結語
附錄
    附錄一：《傳奇漫錄》漢文文本中複合虛詞調查表
    附錄二：《傳奇漫錄》複合虛詞從漢文文本向喃文文本轉譯情況調查表

• 阮氏聲鐘(河內師範大學教授) | Thi Thanh Chung NGUYEN