X-ray imaging has become essential for understanding powder-based metal processing. In solid-state sintering, synchrotron tomography reveals particle rearrangement, neck growth, and pore evolution, clarifying how packing heterogeneity and particle-size distribution govern densification. In laser powder bed fusion, high-speed radiography captures microsecond-scale melt-pool behavior, including keyhole dynamics, vapor-jet entrainment, spatter formation, and bubble-mediated porosity, thereby enabling mechanistic links between processing conditions and defect generation. Nonetheless, current X-ray methods face trade-offs between spatial and temporal resolution and often remain qualitative. Integrating operando imaging with physics-based simulations and machine-learning models offers a path toward quantitative prediction and real-time control. This review summarizes recent progress and highlights key challenges and opportunities for advancing operando characterization of powder-based metal processes.

서 론
재료 및 방법
    연구설계 및 사례 선정
    자료원 및 자료수집
    위험평가(RA) 조사대상 및 평가도구
    위험점수 산출 및 분석
    훈련평가 도구 및 분석
결과 및 고찰
    리스크 영역 분류 및 연도별 위험평가(RA) 분석
    2024년 위험평가(RA) 결과
    2025년 위험평가(RA) 결과
    2026년 위험평가(RA) 결과
    연도별 모의훈련 이행 경과 및 체계 개편
    단일 트랙 모의훈련의 운영 한계와 구조적 문제점 (2023-2024년)
    이원화(Two-track) 체계로의 전환 및 환류 성과 (2025-2026년)
결 론
References

• Wonjun Cho(Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea, Innovative Semiconductor Education and Research Center for Future Mobility, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea ,Research Institute of Automotive Parts and Materials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea)
• Woobin Cho(Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea, Innovative Semiconductor Education and Research Center for Future Mobility, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea ,Research Institute of Automotive Parts and Materials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea)
• Seongheon Park(Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea, Innovative Semiconductor Education and Research Center for Future Mobility, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea ,Research Institute of Automotive Parts and Materials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea)
• Donghwan Son(Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea, Innovative Semiconductor Education and Research Center for Future Mobility, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea ,Research Institute of Automotive Parts and Materials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea)
• Insung Han(Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea, Innovative Semiconductor Education and Research Center for Future Mobility, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea ,Research Institute of Automotive Parts and Materials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea) Corresponding author