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When is graphite better than graphene? a device-level comparison of batteries and water treatment KCI 등재
- 언어ENG
- URLhttps://db.koreascholar.com/Article/Detail/452982
This review critically compares graphite and graphene as electrode materials for batteries and electrochemical water and wastewater treatment, with emphasis on when graphite offers the more practical choice despite graphene’s superior intrinsic properties. Graphene-based materials, including pristine/few-layer graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO (rGO) and related composites, provide high electrical conductivity, large theoretical surface area, abundant active sites, and strong potential for defect engineering, although these properties vary strongly with derivative type, defect density, functionalization, and synthesis route [1]. However, the literature shows that these advantages are often limited by restacking, structural fragility, interfacial instability, scale-up difficulty, and high production cost. In contrast, graphite remains highly competitive because it combines adequate conductivity, mechanical robustness, corrosion resistance, manufacturing maturity, and lower cost. In battery applications, graphite continues to dominate commercial anodes owing to its reliable intercalation chemistry, favorable first-cycle efficiency, electrode density, process compatibility, and emerging recyclability, whereas graphene is more effective as a conductive scaffold or composite enhancer than as a direct replacement. In electrochemical water treatment, graphite-based electrodes and graphite felt frequently outperform graphene when long-term durability, self-supporting structure, regenerability, and operation under realistic flow conditions are required. Conversely, graphene remains difficult to replace in flexible, wearable, transparent, and conformal electrode architectures, where its atomically thin and mechanically adaptable structure enables device formats that graphite cannot easily provide [2]. Overall, the evidence indicates that graphite is often the better device-level solution when durability, scalability, and economic viability matter more than maximum nanoscale performance alone.
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Graphite and graphene: key material properties
2.1 Electronic properties
2.2 Chemical and morphological properties
2.3 Manufacturability
2.4 Relationship between intrinsic properties and performance
3 Device-level criteria for electrode selection
3.1 From intrinsic properties to usable electrodes
3.2 Stability, fouling, and regeneration under operating conditions
3.3 Scalability, circularity, and techno-economic fit
4 Graphite vs. graphene in battery applications
4.1 Commercial baseline versus theoretical promise
4.2 Where graphene performs better
4.3 Why graphite still wins many real devices
5 Graphite vs. graphene in electrochemical water and wastewater treatment systems
5.1 Intrinsic electrical and electrochemical properties of graphene and graphite
5.2 Structural integrity and interfacial stability
5.3 Long-term operational durability
5.4 Boundary of the carbon-electrode comparison: when DSA or BDD electrodes are more suitable
6 When is graphite better than graphene?
6.1 When practical battery metrics matter more than theoretical surface area
6.2 Volumetric performance across carbon anode architectures
6.3 When durability, reproducibility, and cost dominate electrode choice
6.4 When water-treatment electrodes must survive realistic operating environments
6.5 Hybrid and composite graphite-graphene electrode architectures
6.6 When graphene is irreplaceable
6.7 Overall assessment
7 Conclusion and future outlook
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