Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a preeminent class of crystalline porous materials, bridging the gap between molecular precision and heterogeneous photo-electrocatalysis. This review highlights recent breakthroughs in COF-based materials, emphasizing how their unique architectural features including long-range π-conjugation, permanent porosity, and modular tunability to enable superior photon harvesting and accelerated charge carrier dynamics for renewable fuel generations. Specifically, the synthesis methods, fundamental principles, linkage and block bond effects, and applicable design strategies of COFs are reviewed. We also summarize and criticize current literature related to the fundamental mechanisms driving key transformations of COFs in the targeted application such as hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, and H2O2 production, as the core study of this review. The strategic refinements in synthesis, architectural properties, and co-catalyst integration that have pushed performance of COFs toward industrial relevance are also discussed. Further challenges and potentials of COFs in energy generation sector are critically suggested. Ultimately, this review provides a critical perspective on the evolving role of COFs in green fuel production, serving as a strategic roadmap for the development of next-generation materials essential to achieving global net-zero emissions and sustainable future.

Recent progress of covalent organic frameworks as catalysts for green and renewable fuel production
    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Synthesis methods of COFs
    3 Fundamental and design principles of COFs for green and renewable fuel production applications
        3.1 Fundamental photochemistry principles of COFs
        3.2 Theoretical design principles in constructing COFs
            3.2.1 Linkage principles and synthesis mechanisms in COFs
            3.2.2 Building blocks in COFs
    3.3 Applicable design strategies in developing COFs
    4 Applicable In-situ Characterization Approaches for COFs
        4.1 X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS)
        4.2 Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM)
        4.3 In situ Raman spectrometry
    5 Applications of COFs in green and renewable fuel productions
        5.1 COFs for H2 production
        5.2 COFs for CO2 reduction
        5.3 COFs for N2 fixation
        5.4 COFs for H2O2 production
    6 Conclusion, current limitations, and future outlook
    References

• Febio Dalanta(Research Center for Catalysis, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Serpong 15314, South Tangerang, Indonesia)
• Susilo Sudarman(Research Center for Molecular Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Serpong 15314, South Tangerang, Indonesia)
• Muhammad Iqbal Hidayat(Research Center for Molecular Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Serpong 15314, South Tangerang, Indonesia)
• Muhammadin Hamid(Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, North Sumatera, Indonesia) Corresponding author
• Rahmadina Rahmadina(Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan 20371, North Sumatera, Indonesia)
• Ardiansyah Sembiring(Postgraduate School, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia)