The skin acts as the primary defense; however, chronic skin disorders and scarring can arise when skin barrier disruption or wounds are accompanied by delayed healing. Therefore, developing effective strategies for skin barrier recovery and wound healing has become crucial globally. This study evaluated the effects of a nanoemulsion formulated with the ethanolic extract of Sargassum serratifolium (ESS nanoemulsion) on skin barrier disruption and wound healing models to assess its therapeutic potential. Two in vivo models—a tape-stripping induced skin barrier disruption model and an excisional wound healing model— were used to evaluate topical ESS nanoemulsion. Skin barrier recovery was evaluated through macroscopic observation, skin parameter measurements, and histopathological analysis. Wound healing was assessed by measuring wound area reduction and histological changes. Compared with the control group in the skin barrier disruption model, topical ESS nanoemulsion did not significantly affect the macroscopic skin appearance and skin parameters. In the wound healing model, the ESS nanoemulsion markedly accelerated wound contraction, with significantly higher recovery rates on days 9 and 11 than the control. Representative histopathological findings showed more prominent collagen staining in the ESS nanoemulsion-treated groups than in the control group. Although ESS nanoemulsion showed limited efficacy in repairing epidermal barrier disruption, it exhibited distinct wound healing-promoting effects in the excisional wound model, suggesting that its therapeutic potential may vary depending on the type of skin injury.