무삼투압차 역삼투압(Δπ= 0)은 KAIST H. N. Chang 명예교수가 2013년 발명, 2014년 미국 특허 출원, 2018년 특 허 취득(US 9,950,297) 해수담수화기술. Chang 등의 RO 기술은 삼투압 조정조와 저압 역삼투압의 2 챔버로 구성. Chang 등은 소금물을 비롯한 모든 수용액은 물과 용질(소금)로 완전 분리 가능 주장. 삼투압차 조정조, 저압 역삼투압조 2 챔버로 구성됨. 고농도 용액의 삼투압은 1908년 미국화학회지 출간된 MIT G. N. Lewis식 이용. 두 번째 특허(US 10,953,3367)에서 RO가 10~12 bar 저 삼투압차 수행 가능 증명. 세 번째 특허(Korea 10-2322755, 해외 출원 중) Singularity ZERO 활용하면 기존 RO 에 비해 물은 50% 추가, 막 면적은 1/3, 이론에너지는 1/5, 동일 용량의 S-ZERO 기술은 기존 RO 건설비의 50~60%로 예측됨.

Forward osmotic pressure-free reverse osmosis (Δπ=0 RO) was invented in 2013. The first patent (US 9,950,297 B2) was registered on April 18, 2018. The “Osmotic Pressure of Concentrated Solutions” in JACS (1908) by G.N. Lewis of MIT was used for the estimation. The Chang’s RO system differs from conventional RO (C-RO) in that two-chamber system of osmotic pressure equalizer and a low-pressure RO system while C-RO is based on a single chamber. Chang claimed that all aqueous solutions, including salt water, regardless of its osmotic pressure can be separated into water and salt. The second patent (US 10.953.367B2, March 23, 2021) showed that a low-pressure reverse osmosis is possible for 3.0% input at Δπ of 10 to 12 bar. Singularity ZERO reverse osmosis from his third patent (Korea patent 10-22322755, US-PCT/KR202003595) for a 3.0% NaCl input, 50% more water recovery, use of 1/3 RO membrane area, and 1/5th of theoretical energy. These numbers come from Chang’s laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis. Relative residence time (RRT) of feed and OE chambers makes Δπ to zero or negative by recycling enriched feed flow. The construction cost by S-ZERO was estimated to be around 50~60% of the current RO system.

요 약
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Birth of S-ZERO RO Technology
3. For More Water Recovery Recycling ofEnriched Feed Output
4. Mass Balance in Δπ=0 Reverse OsmosisSystem
5. Singularity ZERO (S-ZERO) RO σ =1.0, σ < 1.0, W/S Ratio
6. Osmotic Pressure Approximation
7. Higher Recovery, Less Energy and LessMembrane Area
    7.1. Advances in reverse osmosis
    7.2. Osmotic pressures, viscosity and density
    7.3. Volatile fatty acids as future raw materials forfuels and chemicals
Acknowledgments
Reference

• 장호남(한국과학기술원 생명화학공학과,랩투마켓,시바이오) | Ho Nam Chang (Deparment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,Lab to Market,Seebio) Corresponding author
• 최경록(한국과학기술원 생명화학공학과) | Kyung-Rok Choi (Deparment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea)
• 정권수(한국과학기술원 생명화학공학과) | Kwonsu Jung (Deparment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea)
• 박권우(한국과학기술원 생명화학공학과,한국에너지기술연구원 광주바이오에너지연구개발센터) | Gwon Woo Park (Deparment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center)
• 김유천(한국과학기술원 생명화학공학과) | Yeu-Chun Kim (Deparment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea)
• 서찰스(한국과학기술원 생명화학공학과) | Charles Suh (Deparment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea)
• 김낙종(한국과학기술원 생명화학공학과) | Nakjong Kim (Deparment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea)
• 김도현(한국과학기술원 생명화학공학과) | Do Hyun Kim (Deparment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea)
• 김범수(충북대학교 화학공학과) | Beom Su Kim (Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University)
• 김한민(충북대학교 화학공학과) | Han Min Kim (Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University)
• 장윤석(랩투마켓,시바이오) | Yoon-Seok Chang (Lab to Market, Seoul 07630, Korea, Seebio, Seoul 07548, Korea)
• 김남욱(랩투마켓) | Nam Uk Kim (Lab to Market, Seoul 07630, Korea)
• 김인호(시바이오) | In Ho Kim (Seebio, Seoul 07548, Korea)
• 김건우(시바이오) | Kunwoo Kim (Seebio, Seoul 07548, Korea)
• 이햇빛(시바이오) | Habit Lee (Seebio, Seoul 07548, Korea)
• 치앙페이(한국과학기술원 생명화학공학과,중국 시안교통대학 화학공업부) | Fei Qiang (Deparment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an JiaoTong University)