The objective of this study was to estimate the trends of air quality in the study area by analyzing monthly and seasonal concentration trends obtained from sampled data. To this aim, the mass concentrations of PM2.5 in the air were analyzed, as well as those of metals, ions, and total carbon within the PM2.5. The mean concentration of PM2.5 was 22.7 ㎍/㎥. The mass composition of PM2.5 was as follows: 31.1% of ionic species, 2.2% of metallic species, and 26.7% of carbonic species (EC and OC). Ionic species, especially sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate, were the most abundant in the PM2.5 and exhibited a high correlation coefficient with the mass concentration of PM2.5. Seasonal variations of PM2.5 showed a similar pattern to those of ionic and metallic species, with high concentrations during winter and spring. PM2.5 also had a high correlation with the ionic species NO3 - and NH4 +. In addition, NH4 + was highly correlated with NO3 -. Through factor analysis, we identified four controlling factors, and determined the pollution sources using the United States Environmental Protection Agency(U.S. EPA) pollution profile. The first factor, accounting for 19.1% of PM2.5 was attributed to motor vehicles and heating-related sources: the second factor indicated industry-related sources and secondary particles, and the other factors indicated soil, industry-related and marine sources. However, the pollution profile used in this study may be somewhat different from the actual situation in Korea, since it was obtained from US EPA. Therefore, to more accurately estimate the pollutants present in the air, a pollution profile for Korea should be produced.

In this paper, possibility of cracks in fast hardening track has been analyzed with consideration of shrinkage of fast hardening concrete. To evaluate tensile stress on fast hardening track, the analysis considers restrain effects by frictions due to subgrade and rail fastener. The analysis results indicated that the maximum tensile stress in fast hardening track increased as the continuous casting length of fast hardening concrete increased. To prevent cracks due to shrinkage, it was investigated that the continuous casting length be less than 66.9 m.

In this paper, an experimental program has been conducted to investigate shrinkage of fast hardening concrete (FHC) which is used to replace the existing ballasted track with concrete track. In the test, curing method was considered as a test variable. The test results indicated that autogenous shrinkage was dominant on FHC while drying shrinkage was negligible. To represent shrinkage of FHC, a new model has been proposed through regression of the test results.

This study evaluated the fluidity and compressive strength of concrete by replacement ratio of blast furnace slag fine aggregate and ferronickel slag fine aggregate to investigate the possibility of replacing natural fine aggregate with steel slag for fine aggregate. Test results show that the use of steel slag fine aggregate improves the fluidity of concrete and compressive strength of concrete was higher than plain concrete.

The camera movement can cause considerable error in the computer vision-based displacement measurement because the camera is generally placed far from the region of interest. The camera movement, which is difficult to avoid particularly in the long-term measurement, hinders real-world applications of the computer vision-based displacement method. This research proposes a practical means of long-term displacement measurement by using a novel camera system. In addition to the conventional camera-based measurement, an auxiliary camera is used to compensate the camera motion-induced error. Experimental validation is conducted in the laboratory environment.

The concrete track has been developed as an alternative to the ballast track due to its excellent maintenance. Recently, QHT(Quick Hardening Track) has been developed to rapidly replace ballast track to slab track. In bridge section, post-installation anchors should be installed at the center of QHT segment in order to unify the behavior of bridge and QHT. In this study, track-bridge interaction analysis was performed to check safety of anchor considering at early age of QHT.

This study is to identify the heat vulnerability area as represented by heat risk factors which could be attributable to heat-related deaths. The heat risk factors were temperature, Older Adults(OA), Economic Disadvantage(ED), Accessibility of Medical Services(AMS), The population Single Person Households(SPH). The factors are follow as; the temperature means to the number of days for decades average daily maximum temperature above 31℃, the Older Adults means to population ages 65 and above, furthermore, the Economic Disadvantage means to the population of Basic Livelihood Security Recipients(BLSR), the Accessibility of Medical Services(AMS) means to 5 minutes away from emergency medical services. The results of the analysis are showed that the top-level of temperature vulnerability areas is Dong, the top-level of vulnerability OA areas is Eup, the top-level of AMS vulnerability is Eup. Moreover, the top-level of vulnerability ED area appears in the Eup and Dong. The result of analysing relative importance to each element, most of the Eup were vulnerable to heat. Since, there are many vulnerable groups such as Economic Disadvantage, Older Adults in the Eup. We can be figured out estimated the number of heat-related deaths was high in the Eup and Dong by the data of emergency activation in the Chungcheongnam-do Fire Department. Therefore, the result of this study could be reasonable.

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the changes in the photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and growth characteristics of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus seedlings under different shading treatments. Methods and Results: The shading treatment was regulated with the shading level (non-shaded, 35%, 55%, and 75% shading). Photosynthetic activities, such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, stomatal transpiration rate, and performance index on absorption basis (PIABS)were the highest under 35% shading (4.36 μ㏖ CO2·m−2·s−1, 54.2 m㏖ H2O·m2·s−1, 0.66 m㏖ H2O·m−2·s−1, and 1.3, respectively), and the lowest under 75% shading. This implies that the decrease in net photosynthetic rate may be due to an inability to regulate water and CO2 exchanged through the stomata. Thechlorophylla, b, and a + b contents were increased with elevating shading level and the chlorophyll a/b ratio showed non-significant differences. It was found that the dry weight (leaf, shoot, and whole) was the highest (1.14 g, 0.49 g, and 2.31 g, respectively) under 35% shading and the t/R ratio was the highest under 75% shading. Conclusions: It is concluded that 75% shading exhibited a strong reduction of photosynthetic activity, and 35% shading showed the best conditions for the early growth and cultivation of A. dioicus var. kamtschaticus.

Background: Recently, jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) has been attracting attention as a fruit, and its cultivation in rain shelter house is increasing to produce the high quality fresh jujube. This study was carried out to investigate the growth and fruit characteristics of jujube according to the types of rain shelter house. Methods and Results: The characteristics of 5-year-old Bokjo cultivar cultivated in 3 types of rain shelter house, multi span rain shelter house with roof vent (Type I), single span house with a column in the center and roof vent (Type II) and single span house with a column in the center and without roof vent (Type III), and open field were examined. The sprouting and blooming period were different among the types of rain shelter house. The diameter of main stem was higher in rain shelter houses than in the open field. There was no a significant difference in fruit number per leaf stem among the types of cultivation. The incidence of fruit cracking in open field cultivation which was 51.2% was much higher than that in Type I 21.6%, Type II 19.3%, and Type III 25.5%. The fruit size and weight in rain shelter houses, especially in Type III rain shelter house were higher than those in the open field and the soluble solids content of fruit in Type I and Type II was higher than in Type III rain shelter house and the open field. Conclusions: The results show that the growth and fruit quality of jujube were improved by cultivation in rain shelter house, and affected by the types of rain shelter house.

Background: For stable induction of tetraploidy in Fallopia multiflora Haraldson, colchicine was treated to establish the condition of induction and investigated the morphological and cytogenetic traits of the tetraploid plants obtained compared to those of diploid ones. Methods and Results: For the induction of tetraploidy, F. multiflora plants were soaked in aqueous solutions of colchicine at various concentration (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%). After this, 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added at room temperature on a shaker set at 150 rpm for periods of 12, 24, and 48 h. The induction rate of tetraploids appeared to be the highest in plants treated with 0.5% colchicine for 24 h. As the colchicine concentration and soaking time increased above these levels, the growing tip of the roots did not develop and they began to rot. When compared to diploid plants, tetraploids differed greatly in various characteristics, including the sizes and shapes of the leaves, fruits, flowers and roots. The induced tetraploid F. multiflora had larger guard cells, and chloroplasts, increased number of chloroplast in the guard cells and decreased stomatal densities. Conclusions: When colchicine induced plants for tetraploid, it can be distinguished from diploids, in various characteristics such as morphological changes as stomatal size, number of chloroplasts per guard cell, number of chromosomes and flow cytometry. Therefore, it proved that these methods are suitable, quick and easy methods for the identification of the ploidy level of F. multiflora.

Background : The human patch test is a method used to evaluate potential skin irritation after contact with a cosmetic materials. Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the skin safety of GS-E3D in human patch test. Methods and Results : Thirty two female volunteers were tested with GS-E3D. GS-E3D (20 ㎕) was applied to occlusive patch test devices and was then applied onto the back of subject with normal skin for 24 hours. Cutaneous irritation responses were evaluated and graded according to criterion of International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) at 30 min, 24 hours, and 48 hours after removing of GS-E3D patch. The average age of subjects was 47.3 ± 9.3 years. Skin reactivity calculated from irritation score in GS-E3D treated group was 0.51 and skin irritation score of no application group was 0, respectively. Skin irritancy was no response in both GS-E3D treated group and no application group. From above data, GS-E3D was identified as a non-irritant according to ICDRG guideline that skin irritation score of ‘0.00 - 0.75’ is a non-irritant. Conclusion : These results indicate that GS-E3D can be useful as a safe cometic ingredient.

Background : Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the acute oral and dermal toxicity of GS-E3D in rat. Methods and Results : The acute oral toxic effects of GS-E3D in female SD rats were examined at dosages of 300 ㎎/㎏ and 2,000 ㎎/㎏. In acute dermal toxicity study, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 ㎎/㎏ of GS-E3D were applied onto the shaved skin of male and female SD rats. The weights of rats were recorded at 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days and clinical observation were checked once a day for a period of 14 days. All rats were scarified on 14th day and complete gross examination was conducted to detect any gross change of organs after necropsy. GS-E3D did not produce orally or dermally treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity or mortality in all rats during the 14-day observation period. The oral and dermal LD50 values of GS-E3D were over 2,000 ㎎/㎏ in rat. The oral and dermal administration of GS-E3D revealed no significant change in body weight and gross pathology examination compared to control group. Conclusion : These results indicate that GS-E3D can be used as a food and cosmetic materials without critically adverse effect.

Background : There are studies on the planting distance, sowing periods, and over wintering method of Saururus chinesis, but lesson the necessary soil moisture content for rhizome growth. This study examines the effects of soil moisture content on the growth of Saururus chinesis. Method and Results : The radicles of Saururus chinesis were harvested in the beginning of March and cut into three joints. The planting densities were determined as 40 ㎝ × 10 ㎝, 40 ㎝ × 20 ㎝ and 40 ㎝ × 30 ㎝, and the soil moisture content was adjusted through continuous flooding treatment, wetting (0 ~ -10 kPa), and field moisture capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa). As a result of investigating the ground growth of Saururus chinesis, the growth through continuous flooding was best with the planting distance of 40 ㎝ × 20 ㎝ that yielded a plant height of 7.4 ㎝, stem diameter of 5.2 ㎜, and leaf number of 5.5. The growth through field capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa) was poorest at the planting distance of 40 ㎝ ×10 ㎝. The transpiration rate, indicating the breathing of leaves, was highest at 1.4 s ㎝-1 through continuous flooding at 40 ㎝ × 30 ㎝, and decreased to 0.5 s ㎝-1 with the field capacity of (-20 ~ -50 kPa) 40 ㎝ × 20 ㎝. The investigation on the leaves showed that the leaf weight was heaviest at 23.1 g/plant through continuous flooding of 40 ㎝ × 30 ㎝ that also showed a wider leaf area and rich chlorophyll. At continuous flooding of 40 × 10 ㎝, the leaf weight was as light as 9.5 g/plant, showing no consistency among treatments. The investigation on the underground growth showed the best results through continuous flooding with a planting distance of 40 × 10 ㎝ where the root length was 50.7 ㎝, root diameter 6.7 ㎜, and fresh root weight of 45.3 g/plant, which decreased to 24.4 g/plant with field capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa). The investigation on the polyphenol content as a functional component showed the richest content in the leaf of the plant at 752.5 ㎎/100g through continuous flooding, and lowest at 661.0 ㎎/100g with field capacity. With the field capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa) it was the highest at 262.0 ㎎/100g. Conclusion : It was the most advantageous for mass Saururus chinensis radical production with continuous flooding treatment for soil moisture and a planting distance of 40 × 10 ㎝.

This study suggested the estimation method of the ground response spectra at a structure location using earthquake acceleration data from seismological observatories. To suggest estimation method based on measured earthquake acceleration data, a algorithm for determining the observations near the structure site was suggested and a module for calculating a ground response spectrum was developed associated with a listed station determining algorithm.

Generally, the dew condensation generated in the tunnel does not directly affect the concrete structure However, falling water due to dew condensation brings directly with a high possibility of defection to the train line. In addition, moisture inflow due to dew condensation may induce malfunction or failure of various electric and fire facilities installed in the tunnel, which may cause abnormal signals or accidents and so on. In this paper, we explain the case of dew condensation site and analyzed the cause.

This study was carried out to investigate the flora and the vegetation of Samusan mountain on Jecheon-si, located in the middle part of the Korean peninsula. The vascular plants which were collected in 9 times from June 2014 to October 2015 were identified as 502 taxa in total, including 102 families, 314 genera, 445 species, 6 subspecies, 49 varieties, 1 form and 1 hybrid. The largest families were as follows; Asteraceae (70 taxa), Poaceae (52 taxa), Rosaceae (30 taxa), Fabaceae (28 taxa), and Cyperaceae (20 taxa). Of them, Korean endemic plants numbered 10 taxa, and vascular plants listed in the red data according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) numbered 14 taxa. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 61 taxa in total. Among them, 5 taxa revealed the floristic grade Ⅴ, 11 for floristic grade Ⅳ, 14 for floristic grade Ⅲ, 10 for floristic grade Ⅱ, and 21 for floristic grade Ⅰ. The alien plants were identified as 43 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 8.6%, and urbanization index (UI) was 13.4%, respectively. Samples of the forest vegetation on the Samusan Mt. were mainly classified as Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Q. acutissima, Q. mongolica, Zelkova serrata and Robinia pseudoacacia forest. The vertical structures of the forest were stable and the DBH-Class analyses showed that the dominant tree species would be maintained. In the surveyed areas, high plant diversity was shown, and a number of endemic, rare, calcicole plants and phytogeographically important plants were found. Nonetheless, numerous and diverse biological resources native have been consistently disturbed or damaged by human activities without some form of protection. Therefore, it is needed to set up strategies for conservation forest vegetation in this study area.

A diarylheptanoid, (5S)-1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5- hydroxyheptane-3-one-5-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, named oregonin (1), was isolated from the of Alnus japonica (A. japonica), which is a species of the genus Betulaceae, growing throughout Korea, Japan and China. The structure was elucidated by various spectroscopic methods including negative and positive LC/MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR techniques or by comparison with authentic samples. In order to evaluate the anti-oxidative activities of oregonin (1) isolated from A. japonica, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid] (ABTS) radical scavenging activity were measured in vitro. Oregonin from A. japonica exhibited potent DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. A. japonica shows not only 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity, but also apoptosis modulative effects. The present results indicate that A. japonica could be a hair-growth-promoting agent for cosmetic products.

본 연구는 어린이집의 부모교육에 대한 부모와 원장의 인식 간에 차이여부를 알아보기 위하여 이루어졌다. 연구의 대상은 C 도시에 소재한 어린이집의 원장 86명과 해당 어린이집에 재원하고 있는 영유아의 부모 94명이며 자료는 설문지법을 사용하여 수집하였다. 연구결과는 SPSS 18을 사용하여 이루어졌으며 부모와 원장의 인식의 차이를 알아보기 위하여 교차분석과 두 독립표본 t검증을 사용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 부모와 원장은 부모교육의 필요성에 대하여 인식에 차이가 있었으며 원장들의 인식이 부모들보다 높았다. 부모교육의 주제에 대한 부모와 원장의 인식은 언어발달, 정서안정, 신체발달과 운동기능, 문제행동과 지도, 상호작용 방법, 자녀에 대한 관심과 표현, 부모 스트레스 해결방안, 지역사회 자원과 활용방안, 부모의 취미 및 친목관련 정보, 교육시설 교육활동, 교육시설 행사 및 전달사항 등에 관한 주제에서 차이를 보였다. 운영방법에 대해서는 부모교육을 실시하는 요일에 관한 내용 이외의 모든 항목, 즉 횟수, 소요시간, 시간대, 강사, 프로그램 방법, 홍보방법에 대한 부모와 원장의 인식에서 차이를 보였으며 부모교육을 활성화하기 위한 방법에 대해서도 부모는 도움이 되는 프로그램의 개발로 본 반면 원장은 홍보를 가장 효과적인 방법으로 인식하는 것으로 나타났다.

In the court case of Jun 29 2017 ruling 2017Do3808, Supreme Court ruled that breaking the duty of returning or discarding trade secrets after resignation by revealing trade secrets to competitors or keeping it for own interest is enough to establish post-resignation professional misappropriation. And Supreme Court decided ruled that one cannot be a subject of professional misappropriation after 1year of resignation unless ‘special consideration’ is needed. Therefore, the accused, who created a program based on company’s particular file, cannot be a subject of additional professional misappropriation since the action of the accused was based on already-established professional misappropriation. Furthermore, the Supreme Court ruled that the accused complicit cannot be a complicit of the professional misappropriation since the action of accused complicit is based on already-established professional misappropriation as well. Therefore, the Supreme Court returned the case to the lower court. Based on this case, there is question regarding the relationship between perpetrated time of professional misappropriation and the status of being in charge of the transaction of others’ business after resignation. There is also a question regarding the level of execution based on the speciality of professional misappropriation. This case study is done based on those questions. Then this case study did the reviewed the relationship between the intention of misappropriation and intention of unlawful gains that needs to be proved in order to establish professional misappropriation crimes. The Supreme Court’s ruling that the accused is a subject of already-established professional misappropriation due to nonperformance of returning or discarding trade secrets is problematic. It is problematic for following reasons: First, it ruled out the possibility of accusing the complicit by deciding the perpetrated time as the period of resignation. Second, it contains the possibility of turning the characteristic of misappropriation from offense provoking specific danger to abstract endangerment offenses.