Present study aimed to determine the effect of ‘bitter melon’, a popularly used fruit in Bangladesh and several other Asian countries, on high-fat-diet-induced type 2 diabetes. To investigate the effect, ethanol extract from bitter melon (BME) as a dietary supplement with mouse chow was used. BME was found to significantly attenuate the high-fat diet (HFD) -induced body weight and total fat mass. BME also effectively reduced the insulin resistance induced by the HFD. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of BME was highly effective in increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing hepatic fat and obesity. These results indicate that BME could be effective in attenuating type 2 diabetes and could therefore be a preventive measure against type 2 diabetes.

Background : Cu ion is an essential mineral of animal feed. But rapid degradation of Cu ion in animal intestine causes poor immune activity and potential environment hazard. Therefore, to enhance immune system and control metal ion deliverly in intestine, we developed Cu ion nano suspension. In animal feed, > 127 ㎎/g of Cu ion are found but only 5 - 7 ㎎ are used out of them. Therefore, huge loss of Cu ion causes environment, economy and animal health problem. Methods and Results : Seven formulation were prepared to prepare nano suspension (particle size < 200 ㎚) of CuSO4. The particle diameter, polydispersity index, and zeta potential values of the samples were measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and laser Doppler methods (ELS-Z1000; Otsuka Electronics, Tokyo, Japan). Absorbance and Cu ion concentration was measured using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. Cu ion nano particle (< 200 ㎚) was found in a formulation comprised of Cu ion : surfactant (lipophilic : hydrophilic) and PEG. In consistence with this result, total absorbance and concentration was found higher in the same formulation compared to control. Conclusion : From our experiment we may conclude that mixture of Cu ion : surfactant (lipophilic : hydrophilic) and PEG successfully prepared nano suspension which slow down the degradation of Cu ion in intestine with improving feed quality, animal health and prevent potential environment pollution.

Background : This study of investigate the quality characteristics of Korean Dioscoreae Rhizoma by species and various processing methods. We used two types of species D. Rhizoma, which were the long type shape of D. batatas and short type shape of D. japoninca, respectively. Methods and Results : The reaction of D. Rhizoma with acetic acid and iodine showed light blue to blue colours, respectively. When compared with loss of drying between two species, the long type species was about 2% more higher than that of short type of species. When compared with processing methods, the both steamed and dried samples was more higher 2.0 - 3.0% than that of non-steamed samples. The contents of acid-insoluble ash samples with peel was relatively higher than that of samples containing no-peel. The results of TLC analysis also showed the same Rf and colours when compared with the standard of D. Rhizoma. However, both dried sample with peel (DWP) showed more clear spot than those of dried sample except peel (DEP) and both steamed and dried sample except peel (SDEP). Conclusion : We sincerely hope that this study will be contributed to the standardization and quality control of korean herbal medicines.

Background : Cordyceps militaris is a non-toxic, medicinal mushroom, which is known to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities. And also, Glycyrrhiza uralensis is widely used as a crude drug in oriental medicine. However, the effects and mechanism of action of C. militaris and G. uralensis on Herpes simplex virsu (HSV), which is a serious skin disease. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of C. militaris and G. uralensis on Herpes simplex virus. Methods and Results : The results showed that the extracts and major compounds C. militaris and G. uralensis increased the TNF-α product on RAW 264.7. And also, these extracts and major compounds inhibited TNF-α product in RAW 264.7 induced by LPS. Querceitn, which was identified from G. uralensis, was showed Anti-virrus effect of Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Conclusion : Taken together, these results indicate that the anti-stomach cancer effect of C. militaris and G. uralensis in xenograft model implantated Epstein-Barr virus positive-stomach cancer cell line.

Background : Korean mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) are difficult to industrially apply because of its scarcity and high cost. Advances in plant biotechnology have made it possible to produce mountain ginseng on a large scale using adventitious root cultures in bio-reactors. This study was conducted to develop a cosmetic emulsion using ginsenoside and physiological activity - enhanced raw materials by fermentation process. Methods and Results : Wild ginseng adventitious roots were fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG 0702 (KACC 81017BP). ginsenoside contents was analysed by using HPLC. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and whitening effect was measured by tyrosinase inhibitory activity. After microfluidizer processing was performed to prepare emulsions with homogenized particles, particle size and distribution were measured through a transmission electron microscop e(TEM). Particle stability compares pH, viscosity, light and zeta potential. When fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG 0702, the highest change rates of Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 were shown and the antioxidant activity was increased. The whitening effect was 73.2 ± 0.9% when treated at 100 ㎍/㎖, 1.5 times higher than the control. The optimum particle size and distribution were shown to be 418.0 ± 14.9 ㎚ for 6 times treatment with 0 - 10 times microfluidizer treatment. Stability was about 3% in pH, viscosity and light test. the zeta potential was found to be homogeneous at –33.33 mV. Conclusion : Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG 0702 Fermented Wild ginseng adventitious roots were found to have effective ingredients and improved physiological activity. We have also developed emulsions that exhibit optimal particle size and distribution

Background: Purple potato contain sufficient phenolic compound and flavonoid which has high antioxidant capacity. Due to poor water solubility of phenolic compounds and quick oxidation of anthocyanin, we could not get maximum health benefits from purple potato. Therefore, we developed surfactant based aqueous nano suspension to enhance the solubility of phenolic compounds and protect the oxidation of anthocyanin from purple potato. Methods and Results: Two types of surfactant were used in this experiment based on hydrophilic-lycophilic balance viz. Brij and Span. In our study, lycophilic surfactant showed highest efficiency in TP extraction compared to water and lipophilic surfactant below 10 mM concentration. On the other hand, lipophilic surfactant showed highest efficiency in extracting flavonoid content. Conclusion: It is concluded that hydrophilic surfactant was significantly increased phenolic compounds five times, and lipophilic surfactant increased flavonoid two times, and anthocyanin three times compared to control. Therefore, total antioxidant capacity was increases two times compared to control.

Background : The study about cultured wild ginseng root (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) have been reported mainly ginsenosides in saponins family. However metabolites of fermented wild ginseng roots by microorganisms was not reported yet. Methods and Results : Cultured wild ginseng roots were used for fermentation of ginseng roots using Pediococcus pentosaceus and other bacterial strains. We analyzed different types of ginsenoside contents, metabolite and enzyme contents, and gene expression by using microorganisms. Results showed considerable differences in ginseonoside contents specially Rk1 and Rg5. The highest enzyme activity level was by Glutathione reductase (GR) and Glutathione S transferase (GST) in fermented ginseng roots than control (non-fermented), whereas Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and Peroxidase (POD) contents were reduced. Score plots and loading plots of principal components 1 of the PCA result obtained from the data on 43 metabolites in fermented wild ginseng root of five conditions. The concentration of metabolite such as β-alanin and 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is used to improve memory were increased in fermented ginseng roots than control. We found functional gene in wild ginseng root related with metabolic process. The APX gene expression gradually increased in fermented ginseng root with respect to fermentation times. Conclusion : In this study, accumulation of functional metabolite in cultured ginseng r

This case study investigated whether an experiment group of thirty-two Korean college students well corresponded to the height of back vowel /ɔ/, the lip-rounding of /ɒ/ and /ɑ/, and the vowel merging of cot - caught as the criteria for telling British from American English. This research finds its meaning in elucidating Korean college students’ perceptual gap or misconception in discriminating British English from American English within the boundary of English vowel height and roundness, and bring to light the possible background reasons. About the vowel /ɔ/, their judgement was seriously hurt because their perception of the vowel height was negatively influenced by non-linguistic factors like the preoccupation about a particular English. On the other hand, they well adopted and used the lip-rounding difference between /ɒ/ and /ɑ/ as a criterion. However, they failed to use the vowel merging of cot and caught as another criterion because most of the Korean students had not fully familiarized themselves with the vowel merging.

방사성폐기물 발생기관의 가용데이터를 기반으로 산출된 핵종재고량을 적용하여 예비안전성평가를 수행한 결과 처분안전성과 운영측면에서 많은 어려움이 예상됨을 확인하였다. 본 논문에서는 전체처분시설 예비안전성평가를 수행하였으며, 평가결과 성능목표치 초과핵종에 대해 방사능량이 큰 비중을 차지하는 단위포장물을 선별하고, 높은 표면선량률의 포장물을 처분대상에서 제외하는 방식으로 처분시설의 처분방사능량제한을 도입하였다. 처분방사능량제한은 안전기준 만족을 위한 처분시설별 인수기준과 처분기준 설정에 기초자료로 활용할 것이며, 경주 처분시설의 안전한 종합개발계획수립 및 처분시 설의 안전성 최적화를 위한 Safety Case 구축에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

In this report, I address some of my observations of and reflections on the issues surrounding Japanese military sexual slavery and its victims, the “comfort women.” First, I seek to focus on the problem inherent in the process of remembering Pong-ki Pae. In 1991, Hak-sun Kim, an elderly woman residing in South Korea, came forward to recount her experience as a “comfort woman,” commonly understood to be the first such public acknowledgement. Even though Mrs. Pae, a resident of Okinawa, had already offered her testimony regarding her own experience as a Japanese military sex slave in 1975, her story was not known in South Korea. Mrs. Pae, a victim of colonialism and war, was effectively silenced, and her experience obfuscated, by the ideological polarity born of the division of the Korean peninsula. Second, I discuss the deeply moving encounter between Pok-tong Kim, another victim of Japanese military sexual slavery, and the students of the Korea University of Japan in Tokyo in 2014. Third, I seek to bring to the fore key discussions of the concept of war-dependent democracy. In the midst of the complete, conspicuous unveiling of the propensity of the Japanese right toward historical revisionism, the decline of the left has been intensely pronounced, rendering post-war democracy in Japan utterly impotent. The present conditions of such historical understanding in Japanese society necessitate an intricate re-examination of the understanding of modern Japanese history that has continued to exist until today; the concept of war-dependent democracy serves as an effort toward achieving such an end.

경주 방사성폐기물 처분시설은 향후 80만 포장물을 처분할 계획이며 다양한 처분방식 및 관리형태를 가진 복합계가 될 것 이다. 본 논문에서는 전체부지 처분용량(80만 포장물) 처분시설의 단계별 개발에 따른 영향을 평가하기 위하여 처분시설 종 합개발계획(안)에 따른 예비안전성평가를 수행하였다. 각 시나리오에 대한 안전성평가결과 처분시설의 성능목표치를 만족 하였다. 다만, 전체처분시설의 안전성 평가결과에 중준위 방사성폐기물로 인하여 1단계 동굴 처분시설이 가장 크게 영향을 미치므로 처분시설의 안전성 향상을 위하여 처분방사능량제한 설정 등 관리방안이 필요하다. Safety Case 단계별 구축을 통 하여 중·저준위 방사성폐기물 처분시설 종합개발 과정에서 인지된 불확실성을 저감하여 안전성을 증진 시킬 수 있을 것으 로 판단된다.

A 67-year-old man presented with painful whitish mucosal rashes on the left side of his palate at initial presentation, and subsequently, multiple, grouped erythematous vesicular eruptions developed on the left side of his face (V2-V3 distribution). In this case, the distribution pattern of oral lesions were atypical of herpes zoster infection. Attention should be paid to the possibility that such symptoms could be early signs of herpes zoster infection.

The study aimed to evaluate the usability of sterile bag collection (SBC) urinalysis and urine culture for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTI). Urine culture is key for diagnosing UTI, and transurethral catheterization (TUC) or suprapubic aspiration is recommended for non-toilet-trained children. Although urine testing using SBC is non-invasive and easy, UTI can be diagnosed only if other criteria including clinical symptoms and positive urinalysis results are met. This study included 228 infants who were hospitalized for unexplained fever from October 2015 to June 2016. TUC culture, SBC urinalysis, and urine culture were performed for all patients. UTI was diagnosed when the TUC culture results met the criterion of ≥104 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. When UTI diagnosis was made based on SBC urine colony counts ≥105 CFU/mL, the false-positive and false-negative rates were 6.3% and 70.0%, respectively. When the criterion was set as ≥104 CFU/mL, they were 23.7% and 30.0%, respectively. When both the criteria of ≥105 CFU/mL and positive urinalysis results were met, the false-positive rate was 2.4%, and the false-negative rate was 80%. Our results suggest that diagnosing UTI using SBC urinalysis and urine culture is not useful in infants with unexplained fever.

South Korea is a maritime nation, surrounded by water on three sides; hence, it is important to preserve in a sustainable manner. Most areas, especially those bordering the East Sea, have been suffering from severe coastal erosion. Information on the sediment yield of a river basin is an important requirement for water resources development and management. In Korea, data on suspended sediment yield are limited owing to a lack of logistic support for systematic sediment sampling activities. This paper presents an integrated approach to estimate the sediment yield for ungauged coastal basins by using a soil erosion model and a sediment delivery rate model in a geographic information system (GIS)-based platform. For applying the sediment yield model, a basin specific parameter was validated on the basis of field data, that, ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 for the 19 gauging stations. The calculated specific sediment yield ranged from 17 to 181 t/km2.yr in the various basin sizes of Korea. We obtained reasonable sediment yield values when comparing the measured data trends around the world with those in Korean basins.

Background : Ginseng rain cover farming is expanding around Jinan county and Jangsu country of North Jeolla Province. Some farmers doing ginseng rain cover farming have suffered from difficulties due to hot weather damages. However, it is a situation that the study on mitigation techniques for high temperature damage do not exist with ginseng rain cover farming. Methods and Results : The test covering work was firstly done on April 28th for heat block film+90% black light blocking net, blue double sided film, and PE film+75% black light blocking net and when it comes to second treatment, 30% and 40% shading were implemented for heat block film group and blue double sided film group respectively and 75% black light blocking net was installed on PE film+75% shading group. When it comes to micro-climate measurement in rain cover facility, temperature, humidity and light intensity were measured during the growing period of ginseng. The results are as follows. Regarding the light transmittance (per PAR, 10 am in clear day) in facility with 1st covering, light block film covered group (LBF), blue double sided film group (BDF) and PE film group have 12.9±1.8%, has 11.6±1.0% and 27.1±1.1% respectively and after 2nd covering, in LBF groups, 30% blocking, 40% blcoking and no blocking have 10.6±1.3%, 8.2±0.9% and 12.9±1.8% and in BDF groups, 30% blocking, 40% blcoking and no blocking have 9.4±0.8%, 7.9±0.7% and 11.6±1.0 respectively and PE film group has 10.6±0.7%. Relative humidity also showed the same trend as temperature. The average monthly amount of light and maximum light intensity were lower in 30% and 40% light blocking groups of LBF and BDF and a little higher in no light blocking group compared to PE film group. The degree of high temperature damage was 1 in no LBF of BDF, but no LBF of LBF was so bad like 3. However, there was no high temperature damage in the test groups of blocking films or BDF with 30% and 40% light blocked light screens. Regarding root weight, all secondly treated groups of LBF group and BDF group were lighter compared to 4.36g of PE film group and especially, prism sheetof no light blocking group has 2.5g and BDF of of no light blocking group has 3.21g. 30 % and 40% light blocking groups of LBF group and BDF group were light with 3.20~4.07g. Conclusion : Regarding the analysis result on micro-climate in facility with different cover materials for 2 years old ginseng in ginseng rain cover farming of Gyeonggi Province, the covering method suitable for high temperature damage mitigation in ginseng rain cover farming was that 1st covering was done by PE film+75% black light blocking net and then 75% black light blocking net is additionally covered at a time when outside temperatures reaches 30℃.