Propolis is a health food, known that high antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, fresh cut vegetables that rapidly increasing consumption has recently faced the problem storability fall down after washing. To improve storability of fresh cut vegetables are being carried out various studies. In this study, using the characteristics of propolis we were performed to improve the storability of fresh cut vegetables. There was prepared in 20% solution of propolis extracts, by using this solution, propolis solution prepared diluting 0.001 to 1%, were dipped in fresh vegetables (cabbage lettuce, sesame leaf, and lettuce). Vegetables were measured the sensory evaluation and hardness after each treatment by placing in a certain period of time at room temperature and refrigerator. When cabbage lettuce was stored for 3 days at refrigerater, sensory evaluation that the cleavage site is not generated browning in 0.1% propolis solution showed the best results, the hardness was the most excellent. During refrigerated storage after treatment in a 0.01% solution of propolis sesame leaves showed good sensory evaluation include freshness, morphological change of leaves, and high hardness. After treatment propolis of 1% solution at room temperature, Sesame leaves showed the most heavily defensive fragility phenomenon after three days. It was found that the appearance of the side effect, when the concentration of the propolis is rather high. If lettuce is chilled to handle after propolis treatment, after 10 days in the solution from 0.01 to 0.1% showed excellent sensory evaluation, and high hardness. These results confirmed that the storage stability is excellent compared to non-treated as if diluted to 0.1-0.01% propolis solution is to improve the shelf life of fresh vegetables using.

Imported Allium hookeri is sometimes infected by some quarantine nematodes like Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp. Hot water treatment(HWT) is reported as the most effective treatment method for disinfection of nematodes. The primary goal of this research was to determine the temperature tolerance of Allium hookeri and lethal temperature of Meloidogyne spp., preferably in the range of 5~30minutes at 48~53℃. Second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne spp. were successfully eliminated in hot water bath treated at 48℃ within 1 minute. Egg hatching was suppressed completely at 48℃ more than 26 minutes. No evidence of growth damage was observed on plants treated with HWT even at 48℃ for 30 minutes and 49℃ for 10 minutes. Therefore, the optimum range of HWT is recommended at 48℃ for 30 minutes and 49℃ for 10 minutes on Allium hookeri infected root-knot(Meloidogyne spp.) nematode.

Leptotrombidium pallidum is the major vector mite for Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus, in Asian countries, including Korea. The genome size of L. pallidum was previously estimated to be 191 ± 7 Mb (Kim et al., 2014). Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from a single female from a 9-generation inbred L. pallidum colony and used for whole genome amplification (WGA). The resulting amplified gDNA was used for the construction of paired-end and mate-pair libraries and sequenced using Illumina platforms (HiSeq2000 and MiSeq). An unamplified gDNA sample extracted from 20 female mites was also used for sequencing in parallel. More than 45Gb sequence reads from both paired-end and mate-pair libraries of the WGA gDNA were trimmed and then de novo assembled using the CLC Asembly Cell v.4.0 for contig assembly and SSPACE for scaffolding. The assembly generated approximately 6,545 scaffolds with N50 value of 92,945 and total size of ~193Mb, which was in a good agreement with our previous estimation. Repeat analysis showed that about 30% of genome (~58Mb) was masked as repeats, most of which were unclassified novel elements. For gene predictions, generated were the PASA models based on genomic alignments of RNA-seq reads from 4 different chigger mite samples (i.e. male, female, larva, and protonymph) and the GeneWise models based on genomic alignments of protein sequences from 4 closely related species with chigger mite. Independently, ab initio gene predictions were performed with AUGUSTUS and FgeneSH with custom trained matrices optimized for L. pallidum and GENEID with pre-trained matrix for Acyrthopsiphon pisum. By combining all together, 15,842 genes were predicted finally. Manual curation is in progress for various groups of genes, including chemosensory receptor genes, immune-related genes, acaricide target genes, etc.

Recently, researches of molecular biology for the identification of root-knot nematode (RKN) species have been reported in plant quarantine. In this study, applicable and reproducible method to extract high quality genomic DNA from single nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) was developed. Also, the modified method was verified by DNA manipulation techniques such as PCR amplification and cloning. Single juvenile was floated in a drop of water and digested with proteinase K for 24 h. After that, DNA was extracted by using distilled water as extraction buffer. PCR amplification was carried out with universal primers spanning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to distinguish species. When using the existing DNA detection method, quantification results showed that 42.86% of the deposited DNA was extracted. Whereas the modified DNA extraction method was increased to 100%. When PCR products test the direct sequencing using the ITS rDNA primers, it was also identified as M. javanica, M. incognita, and M. hispanica. Based on the studies conducted, the application of this modified method would be useful and efficient on plant parasitic nematode molecular assay.

Methyl Bromide (MB) has been regulated by montreal protocol due to ozone depletion since 1992, and there is a need to develop MB alternative fumigation methods. To find out the efficacies and tolerance in developmental stages of citrus mealybugs (Planococcus citri) which frequently infested in imported pineapples, phosphine(PH3) gas was tested in different exposure times (2~24 hr) and concentrations (0.1∼2g/m3) in small desiccators at 8℃. Based on Lethal 99% concentration × time products (LCTP 99%) of PH3 gas to target developmental insect, 2g/m3 PH3 was applied for 24 hr in 300 m3 fumigation facility, which was designed in well sealed and evacuation system (5 air exchange/min). We monitored PH3 gas in fumigation facility to confirm CTP and checked PH3 gas in atmospheres in air ventiliation process after fumigations to make quarantine guideline and protocol for worker safety as well as efficacy to target pest.

Porcine parvovirus (PPV), a member of the genus Parvovirus, family Parvoviridae, is a significant causative agent in porcine reproductive failure, causing serious economic losses in the swine industry. PPV is a non-enveloped virus and its capsid is assembled from three viral proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3). The major capsid protein, VP2 is the main target for neutralizing antibodies in PPV. When VP2 was expressed in large amounts, it assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) similar in size and morphology to the original virions. In this study, we generated the recombinant Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) to express the VP2 protein. Expression of the VP2 protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The recombinant VP2 protein of approximately 64 kDa was detected by both analyses. The formation of VLP by recombinant VP2 was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy examination. The purified VP2 protein assembled into spherical particles with diameters ranging from 20 to 22 nm.

We collected the unknown species of whiteflies throughout the Chungnam districts. Crepidiastrum sonchifolium (Bunge) Park & Kawano, Korean youngia was major plant to Cabbage whitefly and discovered throughout the Chungnam province in 2013. The unknown other species was collected on leaf of Morus alba L.(White mulberry) in September, 2014. We are attributing this species to Parabemisia sp. It has been known that plants affected by Aleyrodes proletella Linnaeus, cabbage whitefly are leafy brassicas, including kale cabbage, broccoli and Brussels sprout and a minor pest of cabbage, bruseels sprouts and broccoli in Europe, being seldom a pest of agriculture but often troublesome to home gardeners. In cage of pupal, lingular head is simple, dorsal submargin without row of papillae and body not boxshaped. The pupal shape of Parabemisia sp.(attributted) is as follows. The fourth nymphal skin has 30 to 32 marginal setae including the caudal setae. The anterior spiracular furrows are scarecely visible, but the caudal furrow is slightly ridged longitudinally. The vasiform orifice is elongate triangular with the lingula included. The lingula has two blunt lateral tubercles and two long caudal lingular setae. The operculum covers only the anterior one-third of the vasiform orifice. In vivo, the nymphs are surrownded by a marginal fringe of clear wax.

This study was conducted to assess the environmental risk of CMV resistant GM pepper and to evaluate the effects of the transgenic pepper (Line: H15) with CMV resistant gene and non-transgenic peppers (Line: P2377, PM Singang, Berota) without gene introduction on the insect community in the three pepper cultivation areas. Sampling was conducted using yellow sticky traps in Deokso, Anseong and Ochang fields, respectively. The total number of insect individuals caught by sticky trap was not shown significant differences between GM and non-GM pepper at Deokso, Anseong and Ochang fields, respectively. Also, there were no significant differences in density of aphids caught on sticky traps between GM and non-GM pepper, and the species richness and species diversity was no statistical difference between the types of crops, GM and non-GM at three experimental pepper fields.

The greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a phloem-feeding pest that causes serious damages in vegetables and ornamental crops by direct feeding and causing diseases such as sooty mold. For the better management of T. vaporariorum, within-greenhouse and -plant distribution of this pest was investigated in strawberry greenhouses in Andong. Ten strawberry plants for each category were randomly selected and examined. Adults per plant was recorded by visual observation, and eggs and nymphs per trifoliate leaf were counted under microscope. Adult, egg, and nymph populations were all more abundant in border rows than in middle rows. The number of nymphs were found more in lower canopy in both border and middle rows, but egg density was higher in upper canopy of border plants. No correlation was found between sticky trap count and population density on plants. These informations would be important for the development of efficient monitoring and control measures of greenhouse whitefly.

This study compared the development, reproduction, and DNA damage in insecticide (acequinocyl, bifenazate, and etoxazole)-resistant (AR, BR, and ER) and -susceptible (S) strains of Tetranychus urticae by electron beam irradiation. When eggs were irradiated with 150 Gy, the egg hatching was completely inhibited in all strains. When nymphs were irradiated, their emergence rate was decreased with increasing doses of electron beam irradiation. When adults were irradiated, the longevity and the number of eggs was not affected at all target dose in all strains. However, hatchability of F1 generation was perfectly inhibited at 400 Gy in all strains. The DNA damage caused by electron beam irradiation was evaluated by an alkaline comet assay. These results suggest that electron beam irradiation induced abnormal development and reproduction in S, AR, BR, and ER strains of T. urticae.

The influence of three temperatures, 20℃, 25℃ and 35℃ and four relative humidities (RH), 30-35%, 50-55%, 70-75%, and 90-95% on oviposition and development of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on azuki bean seeds was investigated. One day old five males and five females of C. chinensis were introduced to 30 gm azuki bean seeds for each combination of temperature and RH, and replicated ten times. The introduced adults were allowed to lay eggs for 72 hours. Temperature significantly influenced on oviposition with increased number of eggs at 30℃, relative humidity, however, had no effect on egg laying. Development time was affected by both temperature and relative humidity. Development time was shortest at 30℃ and 70-75% RH. Adult emergence success rate was affected by both temperature and RH; increased level of temperature and RH increased emergence rate of adults. The results suggest that C. chinensis is much likely to cause greater damage to azuki bean seeds stored at 30℃ and 70-75% RH.

In insect exoskeleton/cuticle, structural cuticular proteins (CPs) and the polysaccharide chitin are the major components of the procuticle. CPs are cross-linked by quinones or quinone methides produced by the laccase2 (Lac2)- mediated oxidation of N-acylcatechols. We reported that two major CPs, TcCPR27 and TcCPR18, belong to the CPR family that contain the RR-2 consensus motif (Rebers & Riddiford), are essential for formation and stabilization of the rigid cuticle of Tribolium castaneum adults. In this study, we characterized and investigated functions of the third most abundant protein, TcCP30, in extracts of elytra. TcCP30 cDNA encodes a protein with 171 amino acid residues containing a putative signal peptide. Unlike TcCPR27 and TcCPR18, TcCP30 mature protein lacks an RR motif, with a very unique amino composition, 36% Glu, 21% His, 20% Arg and 16% Gly. TcCP30 gene is highly expressed right before and after eclosion (in 5 d-old pupae and 0 d-old adults). Immunohistochemical studies revealed that TcCP30 protein was present in rigid cuticle such as elytra and ventral abdomen but not soft cuticle such as hindwings and dorsal abdomen of adult T. castaneum. Injection of dsRNA for TcCP30 into late instar larvae had no affect on larval and pupal growth and development. However, the subsequent pupal-adult molt, more than 50% adults were unable to shed their exuvium and died entrapped in their pupal cuticle. In addition, the resulting adults exhibited wrinkled, warped and split elytra. TcCP30-deficient adults could not fold their hindwings properly because probably due to the malformed elytra. These results indicate that TcCP30 is critical for formation of rigid adult cuticle as well as development and growth of T. castaneum.

Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an economically important and polyphagous pest, which harms various kinds of ornamental plants and flowers. The effects of electron beam irradiation of six level between 50 and 350 Gy on egg (24-48 h old), larval (4th-5th instar), and pupal (7-d old for female, 5-d old for male) development and on adult (1-d old) reproduction in H. armigera were tested to identify a potential quarantine treatment dose. Increased doses of irradiation on eggs decreased egg hatchability, pupation and adult emergence and increased period of larvae. ED99 values for inhibition of hatching, pupation and emergence were 460.6, 236.9 and 197.8 Gy, respectively. When larvae were electron-beam irradiation treated ,at 280 Gy and above, no pupa was observed. ED99 values for inhibition of pupation and emergence were 265.6 and 189.6 Gy, respectively. Electron beam radiation on pupa did not completely inhibit adult emergence. ED99 value for inhibition of emergence was 1241.9 Gy. When adults were irradiated, fecundity was not affected. However, F1 egg hatching was completely inhibited at the dose of 350 Gy. ED99 value for inhibition of emergence was estimated at 366.5 Gy. Our results suggest that electron beam irradiation could be recommendable as alternative to MB and as a phytosanitary treatment for quarantine. The dose of 211 Gy is suggested as a potential quarantine treatment dose for H. armigera egg and larva.

Insect cuticle is a first physical barrier to protect their body from multifarious environments. Cuticle tanning (sclerotization and pigmentation) is a complex process involves hydroxylation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), decarboxylation of DOPA to dopamine, N-acylation of dopamine to N-acetyldopamine (NADA) or N-β-alanyldopamine (NBAD), oxidation of NADA and NBAD to their corresponding quinones, and reactions between the quinones or quinone derivatives with cuticular proteins (CPs) resulting in protein cross-linking. N-acetyltransferase (NAT) catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to NADA whose covalent-linkage of CPs is correlated with colorless cuticle (β-sclerotization). In this study, we analyzed functions of TcNAT1 on cuticle tanning of adult Tribolium castaneum by RNAi. Injection of dsRNA for TcNAT1 (dsTcNAT1) had no affect on animal development and growth. However, some of the resulting adults (~70%) showed split elytra that could not cover their abdomen, resulting in improper folding of their hindwings. Interestingly, body color of the mature adults was darker than that of control dsTcVer-treated adults because probably due to the buildup of abnormally high levels of dopamine, which is used for dopamine eumelanin pigment synthesis (black pigment). On elytra and hindwings of these adults, darker pigments were observed around the sensory bristles located at the intervein regions, suggesting that NADA mediated β-sclerotization is occurred in these regions. Similarly, darker pigment was evident at veins of the hindwings of TcNAT1-deficient adults. These results suggest that TcNAT1 plays important roles in cuticle tanning of T. castaneum adult. To characterize enzymatic properties of TcNAT1, furthermore, recombinant TcNAT1 protein expressed in E. coli was purified by utilizing Ni-NTA affinity column chromatography. This work was supported by NRF (NRF-2012R1A2A1A01006467).

The genus Arboridia Zachvatkin belongs to the tribe Erythroneurini of the subfamily Typhlocybinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). A total of 69 valid species have been described in the Palaearctic and Oriental region. So far, seven species of this genus have been recorded in the Korean Peninsula. In this study, we present two new species, Arboridia sp. nov. 1, Arboridia sp. nov. 2, and provide a key to the Arboridia species in the Korean Peninsula with biological information such as host plants and distributions.

We investigated the insect community along altitudinal gradient to gather basic data for distributional monitoring of insect species in the forest ecosystem. The investigation area was Seon-gaksan (Mt.) in Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do province, where the bucket-light trap and pit-fall trap for quantification were installed in Quercus vegetation at altitude of 300m, 600m and 900m. The field collecting was performed on May, July and September 2013 respectively. ANOVA analysis was conducted to analyze the significance between insect species along altitude using the collected insect community data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed statistically significant differences among ground-beetles and ants abundance with altitude as a response variable. Although we expected a distinct cluster with the difference of altitude at each study site, nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) showed distinct clusters with the moth, ground-beetles, and ant assemblage at altitudinal increase and sampling month. In the result, a total of 309 species in 18 families of nocturnal moths were collected by bucket-light trap. The insects collected in pit-fall trap were ground-beetles with 196 individuals of 26 species and ants with 11,276 individuals of 14 species respectively.

As a result of investigation on the larvae attacking leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. and causing serious damage on the plant in Seoul, Chungnam and Jeonbuk Province in Korea during summer in 2013, Protegira songi Chen & Zhang of the family Noctuidae was identified. In this study, we report the host plants of it for the first time from Korea, with larval damage and taxonomic information by illustrating the characteristics of male and female genitalia. Also we will conduct to extract and analyse the DNA barcode for correct identification in forest pest monitoring in near future.

In this study, the following four species are reported for the first time in Korea: Diplopseustis perieresalis (Walker, 1859), Dolicharthria bruguieralis (Duponchel, 1833), Herpetogramma ochrimaculale (South, 1901), and Omiodes diemenalis (Guenée, 1854). All of the known species were enumerated with their available information including the collecting localities, host plants, illustrations of adults, and genitalia.