This study was aimed to determine the effects of hybrid and inoculant on in vitro rumen digestibility and rumen fermentation indices of corn silage. Two corn hybrids(Kwangpyeongok (KW) vs. Pioneer 1543(PI)) were ensiled for 100 days with two inoculants(L. plantarum(LP) vs. L. buchneri(LB)) applied at 1.2 × 105 cfu/g of fresh forage. Silages were incubated in rumen fluid medium at 39℃ for 72 hours. Both of KW and PI had no difference(p>0.05) on in vitro digestibility of dry matter(IVDMD) and neutral detergent fiber(IVNDFD), while application of LB produced higher(p<0.05) IVDMD and IVNDFD than LP. Hybrid and inoculant applications did not affect(p>0.05) total gas volume, ammonia-N, total VFA, and acetate concentrations in the rumen. Applied LB was higher(p<0.05) propionate concentration than LP, while hybrids had no effect(p>0.05). Furthermore, the interaction effect(p<0.05) was occurred in propionate concentration. Butyrate concentration did not affected(p>0.05) by hybrid and inoculant applications, but there was an interaction effect between hybrid and inoculant(p<0.05). Applications of hybrid and inoculant had effects(p<0.05) on iso-butyrate and valerate, without any interaction effects(p>0.05). This study concluded that application of KW and PI has no effects on in vitro rumen digestibility and rumen fermentation indices of corn silage, while application of LB increase the rumen digestibility in both of corn hybrids.

Transglutaminase (TGM2) belongs to a family of cross-linking enzymes responsible for catalyzing Ca2+-dependent acyl-transfer reactions between the substrate proteins. TGM2 is a cytosolic protein that has also been observed in the nucleus and can be expressed to the cell surface or extracellular matrix. Despite ubiquitous expression, its functions are poorly understood and still need to be elucidated. Moreover, there is no clear data regarding the role of transglutaminase in mammalian oocytes. So, in this study, we have patterned the transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and anti-N epsilon gamma glutamyl lysine (AB424) activity in heat stressed mouse oocytes. We have collected mouse oocytes from the (6–9 weeks old) mouse and in vitro matured for 20 h. Immunocytochemistry was performed to checked the transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and anti-N epsilon gamma glutamyl lysine (AB424) activity after 6 h of heat stress (HS) at 39.1 ℃. Both TGM2 and AB424 expression were significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to control when oocytes were subjected to HS at 6 h of IVM at 39.1 ℃. Our hypothesis is that TGM2 and AB424 activity may be correlated with the cellular regression and also involvement in apoptosis. We hope that, our study will help to elucidate the normal function of mouse oocyte and also identification of the principal proteins as well as the pathogenic mechanism of altered physiology. These results suggest that the nuclear accumulation of the transglutaminase may play an important role in nuclear remodeling during folliculogenesis and early embryonic development

This study was conducted to examine the effect of new inoculants on in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics of high moisture rye silage. Rye was harvested at heading stage and divided into 5 treatments, following: No additives(CON); L. plantarum R48-27(NI1); L. buchneri R4-26(NI2); mixture of NI1 and NI2 at 1:1 ratio(MIX); and L. buchneri(LB). The rye forage was ensiled into 10 L bucket silo for 100 days. In vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were highest(p<0.05) in NI2 silage. The pH in NI2 and LB silages were lower(p<0.05) than CON silage. Lactate concentration was highest(p<0.05) in NI1 silage. While concentrations of acetate and propionate were highest(p<0.05) in MIX silage. Lactates : acetate ratio was highest(p<0.05) in NI1 silage, but lowest in LB silage. Butyrate concentrations of NI2 and LB silages were lower(p<0.05) than that in CON and NI1 silages. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in all inoculated silages was higher(p<0.05) than that in CON silage, while yeast count in LB silage was lower than in CON, NI1, and MIX silages. In conclusion, application of NI2 inoculant could improve potentially fermentation quality and digestibility of high moisture rye silage.

This study was carried out to estimate the effect of selected inoculants on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of rye silage. Rye was harvested at dough stage and divided into 5 treatments, following: No additives (CON); L. plantarum R48-27 (LP27); L. buchneri R4-26 (LB26); Mixture of LP27 and LB26 at 1:1 ratio (MIX); and L. buchneri (LB). The rye forage was ensiled into 10 L bucket silo for 100 days. The contents of NDF and ADF were lowest (P<0.05) in LB26. The pH in LB26, MIX, and LB were lower (P<0.05) than CON and LP27. Lactate content in LB was higher (P<0.05) than the others, while acetate content in LB26 and LB were higher (P<0.05) than that in CON and LP27. Lactate to acetate ratio was highest (P<0.05) in LB, but lowest in LB26. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in LB was higher (P<0.05) than that in CON, while yeast count in CON was lower than in all silages applied inoculants. In conclusion, silages inoculated with LB26 could improve potentially the aerobic stability caused by increases of acetate and propionate concentrations.

Social media users today have become active producers of information but how sharing brand-related information affects the attitude of other users is an important and unexplored path. Narayan et al. (2011) mentioned that User’s attitude towards the brand is shaped not just by the attributes of the products but also the preferences of other consumers, such as peers. Zhu et al. (2012), through their study concluded, user’s opinions significantly sway other user’s own choices or are likely to reverse their attitudes. Dawson et al. (1990) have supported that delivering experiences that are pleasurable and relevant will linger in the memory and influence the user’s attitudes and purchase intentions. Although previous studies researched the attitude of the users towards social media advertising, the effect of social media advertising on the user’s attitude towards the brand is yet to be examined. By applying the Uses & Gratification theory, stimulus-Organism-Response theory and the Theory of Reasoned Action, this study aims at evaluating the effects of information sharing, peer pressure, entertainment and emotional connection in a social media setting on the user’s attitude toward a brand present in social media thereby influencing their purchase intentions from the brand. An online survey was developed using items adopted from previous study and administered to college students, who are regular users of social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Of 271 valid responses, 21% were males and 79% were females. Multiple regression analyses results supported all hypotheses. The results are consistent with the previous research, confirming user’s choice of media is influenced by their information seeking, entertainment and status needs (Tan, 198). Marketing via social media may offer content that have specific relevance or may offer entertainment for users (Chi, 2011) and may result in the establishment of an emotional connection with the brand. The more frequently brands interact with the users/fans/followers, the stronger will be the emotional connection which will affect the user’s purchase intentions from the brand. MaKenzie, Lutz & Belch (1986) in their study supported that the marketing patterns can influence the attitude of the users towards the brands which in turn affects the purchase intentions from the brand. The findings of this study confirmed that social media is a very important marketing tool. The marketers needs to ensure that they a) have a presence and social media, b) devise effective online marketing strategies and c) employ dedicated social media staff to continually interact, entertain and engage the users.

Experiments were conducted in order to assess the healing effect of bee venom (BV) cream on full-thickness skin wounds in rabbits. BV cream was compared with silver sulfadiazine (SS) as a topical medicament against a control on experimentally created full-thickness wounds. Two wounds measuring 2 × 2 cm were created bilaterally (four wounds/rabbit) on the dorsolateral aspect of the trunk of seven New Zealand white rabbits. Wound treatments were evenly distributed on four sites, using a Latin square design. The contact layer of wounds was treated with physiological saline (control), SS cream, and BV cream over a period of 28 days. Assessment of wound healing was based on scab hardness, wound exudates, wound area, unepithelialized granulation tissue, and histopathological findings. Topical application of BV and SS creams to wounds resulted in reduced inflammation, debridement of necrotic tissue, and promoted granulation and epithelialization. Wound healing was faster, with statistical significance in BV and SS treatments, compared to the control (P<0.05). Treatment with BV evoked an anti-inflammation effect in a rabbit model. BV cream produced a wound healing effect similar to that of commercially available SS cream. Anti-inflammation effect as a topical treatment with BV cream appears to be better than that with SS cream. These results suggest that topical application of BV cream may be an alternative treatment for full-thickness skin wounds.

Two pitches with different average molecular structures were electrospun and compared in terms of the properties of their fibers after oxidative stabilization, carbonization, and activation. The precursor with a higher molecular weight and greater content of aliphatic groups (Pitch A) resulted in better solubility and spinnability compared to that with a lower molecular weight and lower aliphatic group content (Pitch B). The electrical conductivity of the carbon fiber web from Pitch A of 67 S/cm was higher than that from Pitch B of 52 S/cm. The carbon fiber web based on Pitch A was activated more readily with lower activation energy, resulting in a higher specific surface area compared to the carbon fiber based on Pitch B (Pitch A, 2053 m2/g; Pitch B, 1374 m2/g).

This study was performed to investigate the bacterial diversity isolated from the twospotted spider mite and to interpret their correlation between insect bacteria and acaricide resistance. Twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae was used the resistance strains, which developed over eight years to the six acaricides such as abamectin, acequinocyl, bifenozate, etoxazole, fenpropathrin, and pyridaben, respectively. After cultivating the bacteria from body maceration, bacterial colony was selected and identified through 16S rRNA gene sequences. We are identified six genus from Pyridaben resistant strain, five genus from acequinocyl, three genus from abamectin, bifenozate, etoxazole, and two genus from fenpropathrin. However, we could not found correlation between bacterial density and diversity (phylotypes) among these resistant strains. By analyzing the diversity of population microorganisms, fenpropathrin was showed 40% of Cs value (Similarity coefficient) with susceptible strain, however, abamectin and pyridaben were perfectly different (0%) with susceptible strain. It remains to be learned about how microorganisms co-evolutionary developed with their host insect correlating to the resistance and how microorganisms play role in acaricide resistant mite.

Tobacco whitefly-Bemisia tabaci is considered one of the most important pests in tropical and subtropical agriculture, as well as in production systems in glasshouses in temperate zones. Principle research on the identity of B. tabaci began with the recognition of more than one biotype differing in life history parameters, host plant associations, plant-related damage and insecticide resistance. Our laboratory strains of B. tabaci were identified and classified as biotype B and Q, through mtCOI PCR. Also, they were tested for their host plant preference and reaction to different insecticide. Biotype Q prefers to feed on red pepper and tomato, was less susceptible to tested insecticides, for instance acetamipirid, spinosad and thiamethoxam, than the biotype B (feed on tomato alone). There has been a report on the presence of gut bacteria in B. argentifolii (= B. tabaci biotype B) and its influence on the host insect processes. Hence, as a further pursuit, we examined our laboratory B. tabaci biotypes B and Q for their gut bacteria, whether these two biotypes are differed with each other. Gut bacterial strains isolated by standard surface sterilization method was identified through 16S rRNA gene sequence. Gut bacterial strains of B. tabaci biotypes B and Q and their close relatives retrieved from the public database (NCBI) indicated that the biotype B was less diversified only with four genera viz., Bacillus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus, whereas the biotype Q diversified with six such as Bacillus, Janibacter, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas, and Streptomyces. Results of the present investigation suggesting that there may be a relationship with gut bacterial strains and susceptibility to insecticides and host plant preference of B. tabaci biotype B and Q.