The conflicts between environment protection and economic development are becoming increasingly important in environmental decision making of Nakdong River Basin. A science-based evaluation system is now needed to represent both the environmental values and the economic values with a common measure. EMERGY, spelled with an "m" evaluates both the work of river and that of human in generating products and services. The monetary cost-benefit analysis and the environmental accounting by EMERGY analysis were applied to determine whether there will have a net benefit in environmental decision making of Nakdong River Basin. Based on the results of the environmental accounting, all alternatives which related to environmental decision making of Nakdong River Basin show that more and more of EMERGY cost becomes needed than the EMERGY benefit from getting water to drink in the lower basin. From these results, for selecting alternatives to manage water quantity and quality that is sustainable in the environmental use and economic development, environmental accounting concepts must be considered, and the economic structure of Nakdong River Basin should be changed from the present industrial structure to social-economic structure based on ecological-recycling concept for the sustainable use of Nakdong River.

Sustainable development has been the key concept, both in economic policies and in environmental management. On the basis of an systems ecology perspective, this study suggests the sustainable development of Korea's natural environment and economic activity using the EMERGY evaluation. The total EMERGY use(7,730 E20sej/yr) in Korea is 81 percent from imported sources, fuels and goods and services. The ratio of outside investment to attracting natural resources is already large, like other industrialized countries. Continued availability of purchased inputs at a favorable balance of EMERGY trade, currently about 2.85 to 1 net EMERGY, is the basis for present economic activity and must decrease as the net EMERGY of purchased inputs including fossil fuels goes down. EMERGY yield ratio and environmental loading ratio were 1.23 and 20.30, respectively. The population level is already in excess of carrying capacity. Its carrying capacity for steady state on its renewable sources is only 2.2 million people, compared to 45.9 million in 1997. EMERGY sustainability index is therefore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. Until now the development of a country has been achieved by the economic growth, but it can be sustained in the long run by the use of renewable resource systems, the efficiency of energy usage, and the transformation of the social-economic structure based on an ecological-recycling concept.

It is very important to interprete and simulate the variation of phytoplankton maximum region for the prediction and control of red tide. This study was composed of two parts, first, the hydrodynamic simulation such as residual current and salinity diffusion, and second, the ecological simulation such as phytoplankton distribution according to freshwater discharge and pollutant loads. Without the Nakdong river discharge, residual current was stagnated in inner side of this estuary, and surface distribution of salinity was over 25psu. On the contrary, with summer mean discharge, freshwater stretched very far outward and some waters flowed into Chinhae Bay through the Kadok channel, and low salinity extended over coastal sea and salinity front occurred. From the result of contributed physical process to phytoplankton biomass, the accumulation was occurred at the west part of this estuary and the Kadok channel with the Nakdong river discharge. When more increased input discharge, the accumulation band was transported to outer side of this estuary. The frequently outbreak of red tide in this area is caused by accumulation of physical processes. The phytoplankton maximum region located inner side of this estuary without the Nakdong river discharge and with mean discharge of winter, but it was moved to outer side when mean discharge of the Nakdong river was increased. The variation of input concentration from the land loads was not largely influenced on phytoplankton biomass and location of maximum region. When discharge was increased, phytoplankton maximum region was transferred to inner side of the Kadok channel. On the other hand, when discharge was decreased, phytoplankton maximum region was transferred to inner side of this estuary and chlorophyll a contents increased to over 20㎍/L. Therefore, if any other conditions are favorable for growth of phytoplankton, decrease of discharge causes to increase of possibility of red tide outbreak.

The estuary of Nakdong river is very influenced by the freshwater contained nutrients and organic materials. The response results of these influences are eutrophication and red tide outbreak in this region. Concentration of chlorophyll a was 0.78∼62.55㎍/L in February, 1.20∼21.29㎍/L in April, 1.88∼188.35㎍/L in June, and 0.78∼11.21㎍/L in August, respectively. The decrease of chlorophyll a is considered that residence time is shorten by increase of freshwater discharge, and unfavorable growth condition of phytoplankton is created by diffusion of low salinity and increase of turbidity. The phytoplankton maximum region located inner side of this estuary during winter season, whereas it was moved to outer side when mean discharge of the Nakdong river was increased. Therefore, the variation of phytoplankton maximum region was affected by input discharge from the Nakdong river basin.

Sustainable development has been the key concept, both in economic policies and in environmental management since 1970s. In the view of systems ecology, sustainable resource use strategies are considered to be essential in achieving sustainable development. During the last three decades, the discipline of systems ecology has applied ecological energetic analysis to the evaluation of the contribution of natural environments to economic systems. EMERGY analysis of main energy flows driving the economy of humans and life support systems of a city was made including environmental energies, fuel, and inputs, all expressed as solar emjoules. Total EMERGY use of Pusan was 3.89 E22 sej/yr, about 90 percent of it was purchased sources from outside during eleven years from 1985 to 1995. EMERGY flows from the environment were less than 10 percent. EMERGY yield ratio and environmental loading ratio were 1.10 and 10.45, respectively. EMERGY sustainability index is therefore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. Development of a city has been achieved in the short run by the economic growth, but it can be sustained in the long run by the use of renewable resource systems.

An EMERGY analysis of the main energy flows driving the economy of humans and life support systems consists of environmental energies, fuels, and imports, all expressed as solar emjoules. Total EMERGY use(720.0 E20 sej/yr) of the Nakdong River Basin is 96 per cent from imported sources, fuels and goods and services. EMERGY flows from the environment such as rain and geological uplift flux accounted for only 4 percent of total EMERGY use. Consequently, the ratio of outside investment to attracting natural resources was large, like other industrialized areas. EMERGY use per person in the Nakdong River Basin indicates a moderate EMERGY standard of living, even though the indigenous resources are very poor. Population of 6.66 million people in 1996 is already in excess of carrying capacity of the basin. Carrying capacity for steady state based on its renewable sources is only 0.226 million people. EMERGY yield ratio and environment loading ratio were 1.07 and 28.52, respectively. EMERGY sustainability index, a ratio of EMERGY yield ratio to environment loading ratio, is therefore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. This study suggests that the economic structure of the Nakdong River Basin should be transformed from the present industrial structure to the social-economic structure based on an ecological-recycling concept for the sustainable use of the Nakdong River.

To investigate the water quality characteristics and eutrophication of the Keum River, survey were conducted on samples collected from 6 stations in Aug. and Oct. in 1995 and Jan. and May in 1996. The results were summarized as follows ; Concentration of pollutants were in the range of 1.74∼6.35(mean 3.81)㎎/ℓ for BOD and 1.98∼8.21(5.14)㎎/ℓ for COD and 1.46∼51.94(18.52) g/ℓ for TSS. Water quality were evaluate to be 2∼3 grade of station 1 and other stations were 3∼4 grade of water quality criteria. The concentration of nutrients were in the range of 55.2∼735.3(309.3)㎍-at/ℓ for Dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and 0.06∼6.03(2.80)㎍-at/ℓ for dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP). Nutrient concentrations in Keum River were usually high and the DIN/DIP ratio ranged from 72 to 2648. The concentration of chlorophyll-a was in the range of 1.1∼143.7(44.3)㎎/㎥. Chlorophyll-a concentration were high 10㎎/㎥ except station 1, which is the value of eutrophication criteria by EPA. Correlations between nutrients and chlorophlly-a were not significant. According to eutrophication evaluation, Keum river was equivalent to the eutrophic state.

생육초기의 수분부족 장애에 대한 콩의 생리적 및 작물학적인 여러 형질들의 반응양상과 콩 품종들의 한발저항성을 구명하기 위하여 황금콩 등 8품종을 공시하고 생육초기반응에 대해서 토양 수분장력을 -0.3, -5및 -10bar로 달리하여 폿트를 이용한 토양재배를 하였던 바 그 주요 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 생육초기 20일간의 토양수분 부족장애시는 모든 생육지표에서 생육을 감소시켰는데 특히 엽면적과 지상부건물중의 감소가 뚜렷하였다. 토양수분 부족장애에 의한 생육감소의 품종간 차이는 절대엽면적이 큰 황금콩의 감소율이 높고, 엽면적이 작은 수원 9003가 감소율이 제일 작았다. 2. 엽중 proline 및 ABA 함량은 20일간의 토양수분 부족장애로 인해 현저히 증가하였는데, proline은 무처리구에 비해 -5 bar에서 26배내외, -10 bar에서 65배 내외 증가되었고 ABA는 각각 2.5배 및 2.9배 정도 증가되었는데, 품종들의 엽면적감소율 순위와 proline 또는 ABA 함량의 증가순위와는 일치하지 않았다. 3. 콩 생육초기 20일간 토양수분 부족장애 처리후 생육량 감소 정도와 수량의 무처리구 대비 백분율을 기준으로 품종을 구분하여 보면, 백운콩은 엽면적과 총건물중의 감소율이 작으면서 수량 감소율도 작은 품종이었으며, 팔달콩은 엽면적과 총건물중의 감소율은 크나 수량 감소율은 작은 품종이었고, Hodgson 78은 어느 형질이나 감소율이 큰 품종이었다. 4. 토양수분 부족장애가 없을 경우 수량이 높았던 장백콩과 남천콩은 토양 수분 부족장애로 인해 수량 감소율은 컸지만 수분부족 장애시에도 타품종들에 비해 수량이 높았다.조정 한 48시간의 한해유발처리의 결과는 엽록소함량, 일의 수분포텐셜 및 유리 proline함량 모두 10일간단수처리 한 결과와 일양성을 나타내었다. 품종간에는 백동과 향맥이 수분스트레스시의 증가 및 관수시의 멸소반응이 모두 둔하여 수분환경적응성이 낮은 경향이었다.은 모두 경운 유 ㆍ무에 관계없이 시비수준이 높을수록 높은 경향을 보였고, 10일에 최고수준을 보인 후 완만한 감소를 나타냈으며, K+, Ca2+에 비해 Mg2+이 보다 낮은 함량을 보였다.989년산 일반계를 10분도와 12분도로 도정하였을 때 도정도에 따른 밥맛의 차이는 없었다.X>CoOx는 Co3O4 로 존재하고, 반응 전의 경우에는 이와는 다른 chemical state를 보여주었다. XRD 및 XPS 결과를 바탕으로, 촉매표면에 존재하는 Co3O4 의 외부표면이 Co2TiO4 와 CoTiO3 같은 CoTiOx 로 encapsulation되어 있는 모델구조를 제안할 수 있고, 이는 반응시간의 함수로 나타나는 촉매활성에 있어서 전이영역의 존재를 잘 설명할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, XRD와 XPS에서 얻어진 촉매의 물리화학적인 특성을 잘 반영할 수 있다. 나타냈고, 골격근과 눈 조직에서 피루브산에 대한 LDH의 친화력이 상당히 크므로 LDH가 혐기적 조건에서 효율적으로 기능을 하는 것으로 사료된다.5) and "Cleanliness of clothes ＆ feat

The increase of population and industrial activities had brought into eutrophication in the Nakdong river. A remarkable acceleration of eutrophication brought about serious problems for water supply. Therefore, for the purpose of conservation of water quality in the Nakdong river it is necessary to control nutrients. MBOD method was used to evaluate algal growth limiting factor and algal growth potential in the Nakdong river from June to August 1994. The modified biochemical oxygen demand(MBOD) depends on the amount of available inorganic nutrient and organic substrate during 5 day incubation in the dark at 20℃. The MBOD assay depends on inorganic nutrients such as P and N as well as reduced carbon and called the MBOD, the MBOD-P, and the MBOD-N, respectively. The results of bioassay by MBOD(Modified BOD) method showed that the MBOD, MBOD-P and MBOD-N value were found to be in the ranges of 3.8∼96.0 ㎎O_2/ℓ, 5.6∼94.0 ㎎O_2/ℓand 42.0∼220 ㎎O_2/ℓ, respectively. And the the bioassay value was found to be the highest in Koryong area and the lowest in Waekwan area throughout the Nakdong river. The variations of MBOD-P and MBOD-N value showed similar tendencies to the variations of phosphorus and nitrogen value, respectively. By MBOD method, the relationships of MBOD, MBOD-P and MBOD-N value were MBOD ≒ MBOD-P ≪ MBOD-N. The MBOD value was nearly equal to the MBOD-P value, and the MBOD-N value was 3 to 20 times more than the MBOD-P value, approximately. Therefore, in the Nakdong river, phosphorus was the limiting factor for algal growth during summer season. The algal growth potential as the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the summer was maximum 5 times more than standing crop as it.

An emergy analysis of the main energy flows driving the economy of humans and life support systems was made including environmental energies, fuels, and imports, all expressed as solar emjoules. The total emergy use (4,373 E20 sej/yr) is 90 per cent from imported sources, fuels and goods and services. The emergy flows from the environment are modest, because the share of global inputs such as rain and geological uplift flux is modest. Consequently, the ratio of outside investment to attracting natural resources is already large, like other industrialized countries. The population level is already in excess of carrying capacity. The emergy use per person in Korea indicates a moderate emergy standard of living, even though the indigenous resource is very poor. If the present economy were running entirely on stored reserves of fuels, soils, woods, etc., it would last about 2 years. Its carrying capacity for steady state on its renewable sources is only 3.3 million people, compared to 43.3 million in 1991. Continued availability of foreign oil at a favorable balance of emergy trade, currently about 7 to 1 net emergy, is the basis for present economic activity and must decrease as the net emergy of foreign oil purchased goes down. Close economic integration with Middle East may determine how long this is possible in the future.

The regiospecific potential for the reductive dechlorination of 2-, 3-, 4-, 2,3-, 2,4-, and 3,4-chlorophenols (CPs) was studied in mono- and di-CP(DCP) adapted sediment slurries(10% solids). Freshwater sediments adapted to transform 2-CP dechlorinated all tested mono- and di-CPs except 4-CP without a lag period. Adaptation to 2-CP, thus, enhanced the onset of dechlorination of 3-CP and all ortho-substituted CPs tested. Sediment adapted to transform 3-CP dechlorinated all tested CPs, except 4-CP and 2,4-DCP, without a lag period. Sediments adapted lo individual DCPs (2,3-, 2,4-, and 3,4-DCP) exhibited dechlorination (no lag phase) of 2-CP, 2,3-, 2,4-, and 3.4-DCP. Interestingly, meta-cleavage of 3,4-DCP in all tested adapted sediment occurred, while para-cleavage occurred in 3,4-DCP adapted sediment. Sediments adapted to dechlorinate ortho and meta-chlorines exhibited a preference for meta following ortho-cleavage, but not for para-cleavage, while the preference for reductive dechlorination was ortho > meta > para for mono-CPs and ortho > para > meta for DCPs in unadapted freshwater anoxic sediments.