The Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problem (DVRP) involves a combinatorial optimization problem where new customer demands become known over time, and old routes must be reconfigured to generate new routes while executing the current solution. We consider the high level of dynamism problem. An application of highly dynamic DVRP is the ambulance service where a patient contacts the service center, followed by an evaluation of case severity, and a visit by a practitioner/ ambulance is scheduled accordingly. This paper considers a variant of the DVRP and proposes a decentralized algorithm in which collaborators (Depot and Vehicle), both have only partial information about the entire system. The DVRP is modeled as a periodic re optimization of VRP using the proposed decentralized algorithm where collaborators exchange local information to achieve the best global objective for the current state of the system. We assume the existence of a dispatcher e.g., headquarter of the company who can communicate to vehicles in order to gather information and assigns the new visits to them. The effectiveness of the proposed decentralized coordination algorithm is further evaluated using benchmark data given in literature. The results show that the proposed method performed better than the compared algorithms which utilize the centralized coordination in 12 out of 21 benchmark problems.

This study aimed to examine the effect of a mild elevation in serum cholesterol level in a porcine coronary overstretch restenosis model using a balloon angioplasty catheter or drug-eluting coronary stent. Pigs were divided into two groups and were fed a commercial normal diet (CND, n = 4) or a high-fat diet (HFD, n = 4) for 5 weeks. Coronary overstretch injury by balloon angioplasty or stent implantation was induced in the left anterior descending and left circumflex artery after 1 week of feeding. Histopathological analysis was performed at 4 weeks after coronary injury. During the experiment, the total cholesterol level in the HFD group increased by approximately 44.9% (from 65.9 ± 3.21 mg/dL at baseline to 95.5 ± 9.94 mg/dL at 5 weeks). The lumen area in the CND group was reduced in comparison with that in the HFD group after balloon angioplasty. After stent implantation, the injury score showed no significant difference. There were significant differences in the neointimal area (2.7 ± 0.33 mm2 in the CND group vs. 3.3 ± 0.34 mm2 in the HFD group, p<0.05), lumen area (2.6 ± 0.54 mm2 in the CND group vs. 2.0 ± 0.33 mm2 in the HFD group, p<0.05), and percent area stenosis (52.0 ± 7.96% in the CND group vs. 62.4 ± 5.15% in the HFD group, p<0.05). Body weight change was not different between the two groups. Increased serum cholesterol level activated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the porcine coronary overstretch model.

Interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber and epoxy resin mostly determine the mechanical properties of the carbon fiber/ epoxy composites and the chemical structures of epoxy resin and hardener plays an important role. In this regard, stereoisomerism of epoxy hardeners, such as 3,3′ and 4,4′-DDS (diaminodiphenylsulfone), can have significant influence on the fracture toughness of the cured epoxy and related carbon fiber composites. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the influence of stereoisomerism of epoxy hardeners on fracture toughness of the carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Triglycidyl aminophenol (TGAP) are selected as epoxy resin and 3,3′- and 4,4′-DDS are selected as epoxy hardener. Wetting behaviors and fiber matrix adhesion of TGAP/DDS mixtures onto carbon fiber are investigated and fracture toughness (KIC) of TGAP/ DDS mixtures are also investigated. Then, the mode II fracture toughness test of the carbon fiber/TGAP/DDS composites are carried out to investigate the influence of hardener stereoisomerism on fracture toughness of the resulting composites. Wetting and fiber matrix adhesion to carbon fiber of TGAP/3,3′-DDS was better than those of TGAP/4,4’-DDS and KIC of TGAP/3,3′-DDS was also better than that of TGAP/4,4′-DDS. As a result of the synergistic effect of better wetting, fiber matrix adhesion, and fracture toughness of TGAP/3,3′-DDS, the mode II fracture toughness of the carbon fiber/ TGAP/3,3’- DDS composites was almost twice of that of the carbon fiber/ TGAP/4,4′-DDS composites. Based on the results reported in this study, stereoisomerism of the epoxy hardeners can influence the fracture toughness of the resulting composites as well as that of the resin itself. In other words, only small difference, such as the spatial arrangement of the molecular structure of epoxy hardeners can cause huge difference in the mechanical properties of the resulting composites.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into mesenchymal tissue such as bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose, and have been isolated and characterized from various species. Deer adipose tissue-derived MSCs (dAD-MSCs) have not been studied and deer bone marrow-derived MSCs (dBM-MSCs) have not been fully characterized. In this study, we firstly isolated MSCs from deer tissues and then compared characteristics of dAD-MSCs and dBM-MSCs. dAD-MSCs and dBM-MSCs exhibited significant increase in proliferation under low-glucose DMEM culture condition during 20 and 10 passages consecutive passages, respectively. Both cells expressed cell surface markers such as CD73, CD90, and CD105, but did not express CD34 and CD45. Two types of cells expressed stemness markers (Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog) and exhibited differentiation potential into mesodermal lineages. Both cells exhibited osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential, but poor adipogenic differentiation potential. Specifically, dAD-MSCs have a greater capacity for chondrogenic differentiation potential compared to dBM-MSCs. Collectively, we successfully isolated dAD-MSCs from deer for the first time. This study suggests that adipose tissue of deer could be used as a source of deer MSCs.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is considered the major cause of mortality in the world. Tremendous animal studies are performed to develop novel therapeutics, and this study aimed to induce porcine myocardial infarction model by using polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Coronary guidewire was placed in left anterior descending artery (LAD). The balloon angioplasty catheter was inserted at the back of the PET. The balloon catheter was carefully pushed forward, until the balloon marker was located in mid-LAD. Coronary angiography was performed pre- and post-occlusion at 28 days by C-arm. Histologic analysis of heart tissue was performed 28 days after inducing AMI. Thirty three pigs were anesthetized and underwent percutaneous coronary catheterization. All pigs were successfully embolized in mid-LAD by PET. Fifteen pigs died due to ventricular fibrillation during post-anesthetic recovery time, and overall experiment mortality was 45.5%. In 2,3,5- triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, gross finding of the ischemic heart lesion showed firm and white area of infarction associated with the apex and left ventricular posterior wall. Infarct on H&E-stained sections demonstrated a region without myocytes and rich with cardiomyocyte with atypical nuclei. Successful induction of AMI by using PET may provide the pathophysiological information of ischemic heart disease and improvement of therapy development for AMI.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated and analysed its fermentation ability in triticale powder at different moisture levels. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of fermented silage extract against cattle pathogens was also studied. The isolated strains were P. pentosaceus (TC48) and L. brevis (TC50) that confirmed based on biochemical and 16srRNA sequences methods. Extract from LAB fermented silage showed higher antibacterial activity (inhibition zone diameters: 18~24.2 mm) against E. coli P. aeruoginosa, S. aureus and E. Fecalis than the non-inoculated silage extract. TC48 and TC52 strains exhibited high tolerance to artificial gastric, duodenal and intestinal fluids. In summary, lactic acid bacteria mediated fermentation of triticale silage extract showed great antibacterial activity with significant probiotic characteristics might be an effective and safe way to provide new strategies for reducing the incidence of pathogenic bacteria associated diseases in animals.

For electrodes in electrochemical double-layer capacitors, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared by thermal treatment of precursor polymer nanofibers, fabricated by electrospinning. Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylimidazole) (PAV) was employed as a precursor polymer of carbon nanofibers due to the effective cyclization of PAV polymer chains during thermal treatment compared to a typical precursor, polyacrylonitrile (PAN). PAV solutions with different comonomer compositions were prepared and electrospun to produce precursor nanofibers. Surface images obtained from scanning electron microscopy showed that their nanofibrous structure was well preserved after carbonization. It was also confirmed that electrospun PAV nanofibers were successfully converted to carbon nanofibers after the carbonization step by Raman spectroscopy. Carbon nanofiber electrodes derived from PAV showed higher specific capacitances and energy/power densities than those from PAN, which was tested by coin-type cells. It was also shown that PAV with an acrylonitrile/vinylimidazole composition of 83:17 is most promising for the carbon nanofiber precursor exhibiting a specific capacitance of 114 F/g. Their energy and power density are 70.1 Wh/kg at 1 A/g and 9.5 W/kg at 6 A/g, respectively. In addition, pouch cells were assembled to load the higher amount of electrode materials in the cells, and a box-like cyclic voltammetry was obtained with high capacitances.

In this study, we sequenced two complete mitogenomes, belonging to the families Scythrididae (Scythris sinensis Felder & Rogenhofer, 1775) and Coleophoridae (Coleophora therinella Tengström, 1848) firstly in each family. Gelechioidea is one of the controversial lineages of Lepidoptera in its phylogenetic position and number of families. Phylogenetic analyses with concatenated sequences of the 13 PCGs and two RNA genes using the maximum likelihood method, placed Coleophoridae, represented only by C. therinella, as a sister group to the families Depressariidae and Autostichidae, with very low nodal support (7%). Scythrididae represented only by S. sinensis was placed as the sister to the family Stathmopodidae, with relatively high nodal support (86%). As more mitogenome sequences from the extended taxonomic groups are obtained further robust phylogenetic inference will be possible.

강원지역에 발생하는 돌발해충은 미국선녀벌레, 갈색날개매미충, 꽃매미 등이 있다. 이러한 돌발해충의 월동은 동계최저기온에 의해 가장 큰 영향을 받게 된다. 따라서 꽃매미는 2012년부터 갈색날개매미충은 2016년부터 월동난괴 를 채집하여 동계최저기온에 따른 부화율을 측정하여, 동계최저기온과 돌발해충의 부화율 관계에 대한 조사를 실시하였다. 동계최저기온이 –11℃이하인 날이 35일 이상 지속된 2012년과 2017년 겨울은 꽃매미의 부화율이 9.2%, 7.2%로 낮게 나타난 반면, -11℃이하인 날이 16일로 비교적 낮은 경과일수를 보인 2013년 겨울에는 75.5%의 부화율을 보였다. 갈색날개매미충 역시 –11℃이하인 날이 35일 이상이었던 2017년 겨울에 43.1%의 낮은 부화율을 보였지만 20일로 적은 경과일수를 보인 2016년 겨울에는 89.4%로 약 2배정도 높은 부화율을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 일정수준 이상 동계최저기온을 경과한 돌발해충의 월동난은 성공적인 월동을 하지 못한다는 것을 의미한다.

DNA 바코드를 기반으로 하여 외국발 국내 입항 선박에서 검출되는 편승자 해충(hitchhiker insect pests)에 대한 모니터링을 수행하였다. 국내 입항 선박 조사는 2018년 6월 1일부터 2018년 9월 17일까지 약 109일간 111개 선박에 대해 실시하였다. 모니터링 대상 해충은 ‘보고잡기법(simply collecting method by hands)’으로 확보하였으며, 총 336개체 에 대해 종동정을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 확보 해충 중 농림축산검역본부에 ‘관리해충(Regulated insect pest)’으로 등재되어 있는 Noctua pronuba를 포함하여 총 13종 21개체(Amata formosae (Erebidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Arippara disticha (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Chondracris rosea (Acrididae, Orthoptera, 4개체), Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (Acrididae, Orthoptera, 1개체), Euhampsonia serratifera (Notodontidae, Lepidoptera, 3개체), Lemyra rhodophilodes (Erebidae, Lepidoptera, 2개체), Lymantria xylina (Erebidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Malacosoma dentata (Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera, 3개체), Neochauliodes meridionalis (Corydalidae, Megaloptera, 1개체), Noctua pronuba (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Parasa pastoralis (Limacodidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Psilogramma lukhtanovi (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Syntypistis viridipicta (Notodontidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체))의 국내 미서식종이 채집되었으며, 확보된 21개체 중 15개체는 살아있는 상태로 검출되었다. 특히, 관리해충인 N. pronuba의 경우, 싱가포르에서 광양을 거쳐 포항항으로 입항한 선박에서 검출되었는데, 이 종은 유럽을 비롯하여 중동 및 중앙아시아까지 서식하는 종으로 1990년대 북미 대륙에 침입한 것으로 확인된 바 있다. 이에 따라, N. pronuba를 비롯하여 현 조사에 확인된 국내 미서식 편승자 해충의 편승 유무에 대한 정밀 모니터링 뿐만 아니라 위 종들에 대한 체계적인 위험성 평가 역시 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

DNA 바코드를 기반으로 하여 외국발 국내 입항 선박에서 검출되는 편승자 해충(hitchhiker insect pests)에 대한 모니터링을 수행하였다. 국내 입항 선박 조사는 2018년 6월 1일부터 2018년 9월 17일까지 약 109일간 111개 선박에 대해 실시하였다. 모니터링 대상 해충은 ‘보고잡기법(simply collecting method by hands)’으로 확보하였으며, 총 336개체에 대해 종동정을 실시하였으며, 이를 통해 확보된 정보들은 선박정보(선박명, 선박번호, 출항지, 입항지), 조사정보(조 사일, 채집시 표본 상태, 조사자), 유전자 분석 정보(프라이머 정보, 서열판독 결과), 분자생물학적 종동정 정보(NCBI GenBank Accession No., NCBI Blast Searching Results, BOLD Identification Request), 분류학적 통합종 확증 정보(목명, 과명, 종명, 동정자, 비고) 등으로 구분하였으며, MS-Excel을 이용하여 각 필드값에 맞게 기초정보를 입력하였다. 이를 기반으로 하여 편승자 해충에 대한 선박 경로에 따른 편승 양상뿐만 아니라, 월별, 분류군별, 미서식종별로 편승 양상을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 편승사례는 선박 경로에 따라서는 중국에서 출항하거나 중국을 거쳐 편승하는 사례가 207건, 월별로는 9월이 134건, 분류군별로는 나비목이 208건으로 가장 많았다. 특히, 미서식종별 편승 양상에서 는 총 3목 9과 13종 21개체가 국내 입항 선박에서 검출된 것으로 나타났으며, 이 중 2목 6과 9종 15개체는 살아있는 상태로 채집된 것을 확인되었다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼 때, 앞으로 더욱 많은 정보가 확보된다면, 현재의 통계 분석 방법은 편승자 해충의 모니터링뿐만 아니라 대상 해충의 위험성 평가 및 검역검사에 매우 효율적인 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

파밤나방은 배추과 채소 등 여러 농작물에 피해를 주고 있는 중요한 나방류 중의 하나이며, 돌발적으로 다발생한 경우 큰 피해를 주기도 한다. 제주지역에서 배추과 채소 주요 재배지역인 제주시 한림읍에 2007년부터 2011년까지 파밤나방 성페로몬 트랩을 이용하여 시기별 발생밀도를 조사하였다. 트랩에 최초 유인 시기는 4월 상순이었으나 3월 온도가 높은 해에는 3월 상순에 유인되기도 하였다. Karimi-Malati et al.(2014)의 발육온도 모델을 이용하여 제주지역에서의 연간 발생세대수를 추정한 결과 4∼5세대를 경과하는 것으로 추정되었다. 성페로몬 트랩의 발생 절정기별 다음 세대 성충 발생시기와 트랩 유인밀도와의 관련성을 2009년과 2010년 조사 자료에 대해 검토한 결과 연관성이 낮은 시기가 나타났다. 이 시기 NOAA의 HYSPLIT 모델(Rolph et al., 2017)을 이용하여 기류의 역방향과 순방향 궤적선을 추적한 결과 중국으로부터 장거리 이동이 가능할 것으로 추정되었다. 장거리 이동에 관여하는 기상요인과 비래원은 6∼7월에는 장마전선 등에 의한 중국의 남중부지역이, 8∼9월에는 중국의 북동부지역으로 나타났다.

루비깍지벌레 Ceroplastes rubens는 감귤에 피해를 주는 주요 깍지벌레 중 하나로 연 1회 발생하며 수액을 흡즙하는 직접적인 피해와 분비된 감로로 인한 그을음병 유발의 간접적인 피해가 발생하고 있다. 제주지역에서 루비깍지벌레 천적으로는 루비붉은깡충좀벌 Anicetus beneficus와 애홍점박이무당벌레 Chilocorus kuwanae 2종이 확인되었다. 1975년 일본에서 도입 방사한 천적인 루비붉은깡충좀벌이 현재까지 지속적으로 발생하고 있었으며, 루비깍지벌레 발생 억제에 영향을 미치고 있었다. 2018년 4월부터 12월까지 도내 유기재배 감귤원 (2개소)에서 황색끈끈이트랩을 이용 루비붉은깡충좀벌 성충의 시기별 발생양상을 조사한 결과 월동세대 성충은 5월 중순, 제1세대와 제2세대 성충은 각각 7월 중순과 8월 하순에 발생 정점을 나타내었다. 조사 포장에서 루비깍지벌레의 기생률은 9월 중순에 9.6%와 19.6%이었다.