유기농업자재 제조 원료가 되는 주요 식물인 제충국, 고삼, 데리스, 님 등은 대부분 수입에 의존하고 있는 실정 으로 제품수급, 효용성 및 안전성 등에 빈번한 문제가 발생되고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 국내 자생식물을 추출물 원료로 이용하기 위한 연구를 수행하고 있다. 이중 마트린이 함유되어 살충제로 이용되고 있는 고삼에 흰가루병, 총채벌레, 줄붉은들명나방, 담배거세미나방, 거품벌레류가 발생하여 피해를 주었다. 특 히 줄붉은들명나방(Uresiphita prunipennis)은 7월 하순부터 9월 중순까지 발생하여 엽육을 갉아먹고 엽맥만 남기는 피해를 주었고, 피해주율은 11% 였다. 이를 방제하기 위해 18종의 유기농업자재의 살충효과를 조사한 결과 주성분이 마늘추출물 80%, 데리스추출물 70% 등인 자재 6종이 80% 이상의 살충률을 나타내었다.

먹노린재의 방제시기 설정을 위하여 서식지 내 발생 양상을 조사하였다. 전라남도를 중심으로 돌발 대량 발생 한 먹노린재의 발생 조사는 2023년도 벼의 모내기가 완료된 시점부터 전남 곡성군 석곡면과 여수시 화양면 일대 의 친환경단지에서 주 1회 실시하였으며, 벼의 수확이 완료되는 시점까지 진행될 예정이다. 금년도 발생 조사 결과는 지난 2021년도 결과와 비교하여 분석하고자 하였다. 현제까지의 결과, 여수시의 친환경단지 내 먹노린재 의 발생은 모내기가 완료된 이 후 2주 경과 시점에서 발견되었으며, 곡성군은 4주 경과 시점에서 발견되었고, 발생 최고점은 여수시의 경우 모내기 후 6주 경과 시점으로, 곡성군의 경우 5주 경과 시점으로 나타났다. 먹노린재 의 대발생이 지속되던 2021년도의 결과와 비교하였을 때, 2023년도 결과도 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라, 먹노린재 친환경제재 살포 시기는 모내기 후 2주 경과 시점이 적절한 것으로 나타났으며, 2차 방제 시점에 대해서 는 추가 조사를 통해서 제안하고자 한다.

Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) is a disease causing mass deaths of pine trees in South Korea, and the dead trees serve as breeding grounds for insect vectors responsible for spreading the disease to other host trees. Because the PWD requires early monitoring to minimize its damage on domestic forestry, this study aims to develop a species distribution model for predicting the potential distribution of PWD by using artificial neural network (ANN) with time-series data. Among the architectures, the Convolutional Neural Network exhibited the highest performance, achieving a validation accuracy of 0.854 and a cross-entropy loss of 0.401, and the InceptionTime model emerged as the second-best performer. This study identified the best-performing ANN architecture for a spatiotemporal evaluation of PWD occurrence, emphasizing the importance for determining hyperparameters with ecological characteristics and data types to apply deep learning into SDMs.

2022년 국내 노지 마늘, 대파, 양파, 부추 작물재배지에서 채집한 파총채벌레 지역집단들에 대하여 살충제 저항성을 조사하였다. 제조사 추천약량에서의 살충력은 acrinathrin SC를 제외한 6종 약제들이 안성 등 8개 집단 에서 모두 90%이상을 보였으며, Spinetoram SC와 fluxametamide EC는 추천농도의 100배 희석농도에서도 전 지역 집단에 걸쳐 높은 살충력을 보여주었다. 미리 저항성 진단농도로 코팅한 바이알을 이용한 지역집단의 저항성 검정을 실시한 결과, emamectin benzoate의 저항성이 신안 등 9개 지역집단에서 매우 높았으며, chrantraniliprole은 부산 등 4개 , spinetoram은 의성 등 3개, actamiprid와 chlorfenapyr는 각각 1개의 지역집단에서 저항성이 높게 발달 하고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 지역별로는 주요 대파 및 양파 재배지인 안성, 서산, 진도, 신안 지역의 저항성 이 모든 약제에 대하여 전반적으로 높게 나타났다.

A machine learning-based algorithms have used for constructing species distribution models (SDMs), but their performances depend on the selection of backgrounds. This study attempted to develop a noble method for selecting backgrounds in machine-learning SDMs. Two machine-learning based SDMs (MaxEnt, and Random Forest) were employed with an example species (Spodoptera litura), and different background selection methods (random sampling, biased sampling, and ensemble sampling by using CLIMEX) were tested with multiple performance metrics (TSS, Kappa, F1-score). As a result, the model with ensemble sampling predicted the widest occurrence areas with the highest performance, suggesting the potential application of the developed method for enhancing a machine-learning SDM.

최근 주요 절화 수입량이 증가하면서 외래 병해충 유입률 또한 증가하고 있다. 농림축산검역본부 병해충정보 시스템(PIS)에 따르면 최근 10년간(2011-2020년) 수입된 절화류에서 검출된 총채벌레목은 총 43종 6,734건이다. 그중 가장 많이 검출된 총채벌레는 Frankliniella occidentalis (2,526건), Thrips tabaci (1,470건)로 전체 검출건수의 59% 이상 차지한다. 본 연구에서는 수입 절화류에서 검출률이 가장 높은 총채벌레 두 종의 미토콘드리아 DNA CO I 유전자를 이용하여 염기변이에 의한 국가별 다양성과 유전적 다양도 분석을 실시하였다. 네덜란드, 중국 등 7개국에서 검출한 Frankliniella occidentalis 184개 개체에서 9가지의 단상형(haplotype)이 관찰되었다. 또한 페루, 네덜란드 등 6개 국가에서 검출된 Thrips tabaci 80개 개체에서는 7가지 단상형이 보였다. 본 연구에서 검출 한 mtDNA내 염기서열 다형성은 총채벌레 집단의 국가적 변이성 추정 및 연관성 분석에 기초자료로 활용할 것으 로 기대한다.

Rotylenchus pini Mamiya, 1968 was reported from rhizospheric soils of Zoysia japonica in Korea. Females and males of the characterized population conform to the original species description from Japan and also to other subsequent species descriptions with variations in a few details in morphometrics including the existence of pharyngeal gland overlap in some specimen. Bayesian analysis of all the three DNA markers consistently grouped R. pini together with Rotylenchus species including R. zhongshanensis, a morphologically close species. Additionally, the newly obtained sequences of R. pini were found to be almost identical to the sequences assigned to Rotylenchus aff. devonensis in GenBank. These Rotylenchus aff. devonensis isolates might be representatives of R. pini populations. The current and previous phylogenetic studies supported by the recorded morphological plasticity within populations of the genus validate the proposed synonymy of Pararotylenchus with Rotylenchus.

The tribe Tropidocephalini Muir, 1915 (Delphacidae: Delphacinae) comprised 37 genera 204 species worldwide. In Korea, only three species, Epeurysa nawaii Matsumura, 1900, Tropidocephala brunnipennis (Distant, 1906), T. nigra (Matsumura, 1900), have been reported. In this study, one species, Epeurysa distincta Huang & Ding, 1979, is reported for the first time from Korea. We provide the morphological characteristics, photographs and taxonomic keys of the four species belonging to the tribe Tropidocephalini.

Solenopsis invicta, known as the red imported fire ant, is an insect native to South America. This species was unintentionally introduced into Australia, New Zealand, several Asian countries, Caribbean countries, and the United States. It shows a high survival rate and settlement potential in human-habitable and non-living areas such as tropical rainforests, disturbed areas, deserts, grasslands, and roads. In Korea, invasions of red fire ants have been reported every year since 2017, and two invasions were discovered in 2023. Quarantine agency analyzing the haplotype and colony social type of S. invicta for surveillance and control. Population genetic analysis using Microsatellite Alleleic data of 66 loci to trace the origin of the invasion. Through research cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), we have received samples and expanded our genetic information database. This study analyzed genetic differences between 15 invasive populations and 44 reference groups. As a result of microsatellite analysis, the domestic invasive population showed a genetic structure similar to those in Guangzhou, China, and Florida, USA.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive pest species in Africa and Asia, which is native to the Western hemisphere. Invaded FAW was corn feeding strain. We study the developmental and biology of the corn strain FAW on the rice plants compare the result with corn feeding up to F2- generation. The development periods of F0, F1 and F2 generations of the rice-fed colony were 21.7%, 18.3% and 18.9% longer than corn-fed colony. The rice-fed colony was significantly lower in the body weight of larvae and pupae, and pre-adult survival rate and the fecundity than corn-fed colony. Our results showed that the corn strain FAW can survive and complete its life cycle by feeding rice plants up to several generations under laboratory condition, but their development and fecundity were reduced in comparison to the corn feeding colony. However, this study suggests potential impact of invaded FAW to the infestation of rice fields in Asian countries.

Reticulitermes speratus (Kolbe) is economically important pest in East Asia including Korea, Japan and China where they infest wooden structures in urban areas. In this study, we report the first record of R. speratus speratus from Korea, which was verified using soldier morphology and molecular characteristics obtained from a mitochondrial gene. R. speratus speratus Kolbe, 1885 (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) are found in several provinces, mainly southern regions in Korea, whereas R. speratus kyushuensis are distributed throughout the country. Our morphological comparison showed that R. speratus speratus can be distinguishable from R. speratus kyushuensis by the ratio of the posterior postmentum width to length. In the molecular comparison, R. speratus speratus revealed genetic differences of 3.06% (range 2.60–4.10%) from R. speratus kyushuensis using cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene sequences.

The onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a worldwide pest that causes serious damage to Allium crop species and acts as a vector for iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). In a previous study, we established an emamectin benzoate (EB) resistant strain (EB-R) with a 490-fold higher resistance ratio than the susceptible strain (SUS). The EB-R exhibited significantly increased transcript levels of glycine receptor alpha, glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) b, and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) 6EB2 compared to SUS. To identify EB resistance-related genes that are differentially expressed genes between SUS and EB-R, we established an isogenic backcrossing strain and conducted transcriptome analysis after the 4th cycle of isogenic backcrossing. Among the 85 up-regulated genes in the transcriptome data, six cuticular protein genes showed up-regulation. Additionally, CYP450 4g15, which catalyzes the synthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons, exhibited a 6 log2-fold higher expression level in EB-R compared to SUS. Therefore, the elevated expression of genes associated with cuticle protein modification may be significantly is involved in the development of EB resistance.

The Eurytoma appendigaster species-group is a second large group within the genus Eurytoma Illiger found in the Palearctic region. This group comprises 44 species by Zerova, but in Korea, only one species, E. appendigaster (Swederus), has been previously reported. They are well-known for their predation on phytophagous insects, mainly the genus Tetramesa which is belonged to the family Eurytomidae and associated with grasses (Poaceae). In this study, we report seven species of the appendigaster species-group from Korea for the first time. Also, key to Korean species of appendigaster species-group and photos of diagnostic characteristics are provided.

The striped fruit fly (SFF), Zeugodacus scutellata, is an agricultural pest species with a strong and rapid reproductive ability that can cause significant harm. To control the population of these kind of pests, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is being used as one of the effective methods. SIT involves the introduction of sexually transmitted factors that reduce the reproductive capacity of males. This study shows that knocking down the testis-specific serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (Zs-Tssk1) gene alters male fertility and male-initiated types of communication. Since Zs-Tssk1 influences the physiology of the testes, spermatogenesis is also affected, which in turn alters the lifespan of Zs-Tssk1 knock down group in comparison with the control. Based on these results, Zs-Tssk1 may be crucial in reproductive function, and its down-regulation may be helpful in controlling SFF through SIT.

Riptortus pedestris has established symbiotic interactions with specific bacteria from soil environment in every generations. The soil environment is extremely heterogeneous with microbial diversity, suggesting that bacterial composition of the R. pedestris can be affected by surrounding environments. Therefore, we investigated spatiotemporal variation of bacterial communities in wild R. pedestris collected from five mainland areas and Jeju Island in South Korea across insect generations. Among the 390 R. pedestris adults collected, we detected a total of 28 bacterial genera from the symbiotic region of insects. Among the bacterial genera, genus Caballeronia bacteria was the most abundantly detected regardless of sampling site and generation. Nevertheless, bacterial richness varied among the insect generations with 10 genera detected in overwintered generation, 15 genera in the 1st generation and 18 genera in the 2nd generation. Moreover, we found five bacterial genera that were exclusively detected from the Jeju island compared to the mainland areas surveyed.

The Varroa mite, Varroa destructor, a parasitic mite that afflicts honey bees, has become increasingly resistant to acaricides like fluvalinate due to its widespread use. The target site insensitivity mechanism, mediated by the L925V/M/I mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel, plays a major role in resistance. Additionally, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (Cyp450s) appear to function as a metabolic resistance factor; however, no Cyp450-mediated resistance mechanism has been reported to date. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize Cyp450s associated with fluvalinate resistance. A synergistic bioassay confirmed the involvement of Cyp450s in conferring tolerance or resistance to fluvalinate. Correlation analysis between mortality data and the expression levels of Cyp450 genes led to the identification of several candidates that may play a crucial role in fluvalinate resistance. Analysis of tissue distribution patterns revealed that these genes were most abundantly expressed in the cuticle and synganglion. This suggests that, despite their relatively low expression level, they may play a critical role in protecting the target site from fluvalinate due to its predominant expression in neuronal tissues. Functional analysis, in conjunction with baculovirus expression, demonstrated that fluvalinate has high inhibition rates against the recombinant candidate Cyp450s, suggestive of their strong interaction with fluvalinate. We discussed the potential utilization of their expression levels as a molecular marker for diagnosing metabolic resistance in field-collected Varroa mites.

Nutrient acquisition by insect herbivores affect all aspect of the the lifespan of individauls. For seed-sucking insect herbivores, they face challenges with nutrient acquisition due to requirement for extra-oral digestion of seed contents into a readily-ingestible state. In this study, we demonstrated environmentally-transmitted Caballeronia insecticola allow seed-sucking R. pedestris to overcome challenges with extra-oral digestion. Through the evaluation, first, we found symbiotic insects exhibited enhanced feeding efficiency by consuming significantly larger amount of food per feeding attempt compared to apo-symbiotic insects (P<0.05). Then, we observed feeding behavior modification in the symbiotic insects from the behavior tracking evaluation. Symbiotic insects displayed dichotomic behavior which can be generally divided into early focused feeding and later subdued resting periods. By contrast, apo-symbiotic insects displayed unordered behavior by frequent switches between feeding and walking behavior.

Honey bees are crucial pollinators for agricultural and natural ecosystems, but are experiencing heavy mortality in Korea due to a complex suite of factors. Extreme winter losses of honey bee colonies are a major threat to beekeeping but the combinations of factors underlying colony loss remain debatable. Finding solutions involves knowing the factors associated with high loss rates. To investigate whether loss rates are related to Varroa control and climate condition, we surveyed beekeepers in korea after wintering (2021–2022 to 2022–2023). The results show an average colony loss rate of 46%(2022) and 17%(2023), but over 40% colony loss before wintering at 2022. Beekeepers attempt to manage their honey bee colonies in ways that optimize colony health. Disentangling the impact of management from other variables affecting colony health is complicated by the diversity of practices used and difficulties handling typically complex and incomplete observational datasets. We propose a method to 1) Varroa mite population Control by several methods , and 2) Many nursing bee put in hive before wintering.

Recently, as the possibility of unexpected outbreaks of alien insects has increased due to climate change such as global warming, the importance of early control through rapid and accurate spread of exotic forest pest and change prediction diagnosis is required. This study summarizes and reports the followings: the establishment of monitoring strategy for exotic insects by the investigation of species distribution range through field surveys and others, the development of new diagnostic technique through microstructures and life-cycle, the dispersal of exotic insects, and ecological impact assessment using ecological methods and with the expansion of exotic insects and development of ecosystem impact prediction model.