The synergistic impacts of global climate change and human activities are causing an unprecedented crisis, resulting in biodiversity loss and diminished ecosystem function. Confronting this challenge necessitates the systematic, long-term accumulation of ecological data as a prerequisite for establishing sound scientific evidence. This review synthesizes and analyzes 66 research papers published between 2014 and 2025 during the 2nd phase of the Korea Long-Term Ecological Research (KLTER) program, aiming to identify key achievements and propose future directions. The core objectives of KLTER include elucidating the mechanisms of structural shifts in biological communities and phenological changes driven by climatic factors, as well as quantifying the ecosystem’s carbon uptake and storage functions essential for achieving carbon neutrality. The analysis of the published research shows that the study topics were concentrated in fields such as insects (35%) and vegetation dynamics/phenology (23%). Keywords like “species,” “change,” and “forest” constituted the central axis of the research. The KLTER program holds significant value in clarifying the organic interactions and complex dynamics of the Korean Peninsula’s ecosystems. Ultimately, the program must advance through a focused commitment to evidence-based ecosystem management, increased investment in integrated research infrastructure, and the development of robust climate change adaptation strategies guided by long-term foresight.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of indoor environmental management in facilities vulnerable to infection, such as long-term care facilities, where residents remain indoors for extended periods. In light of this, this study investigated the architectural characteristics and ventilation conditions of long-term care facilities in South Korea using a nationwide survey. An online survey targeting 12,425 facilities was conducted in April 2022, and valid responses from 5,550 facilities were analyzed. The survey examined building layouts, ventilation methods, mechanical ventilation systems, air purifier use, and ventilation operation and maintenance. The results showed that numerous facilities had architectural configurations unfavorable for natural ventilation, including a high proportion of double-loaded corridor layouts. Mechanical ventilation systems were installed in only 41.4% of facilities, whereas air purifiers were present in 72.3%, indicating a reliance on air cleaning rather than outdoor air ventilation. Although ventilation managers and regular inspections were commonly reported, formal operation and maintenance manuals were less prevalent. These findings indicate structural and system-level limitations in achieving stable ventilation performance in long-term care facilities. Additionally, they provide baseline data to support improvements in ventilation strategies and policies for infection-vulnerable facilities.

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from swine manure are a major contributor to livestock odor and air pollution. In this study, the urease inhibitor Phenyl- Phosphorodiamidate (PPDA) was applied as a preventive control strategy, and its reduction efficiency was evaluated through both chamber simulations and a pilot-scale pig house experiment. The chamber experiment, conducted from March 17 to May 1, 2023, showed that the treatment group receiving both urea and PPDA (P1) exhibited a 53% lower mean NH3 concentration (51.1±15.1 ppm) compared with the urea-only group (U1, 109.0±34.0 ppm; p < 0.001). The maximum concentration was also reduced by 63.8% (245.1 ppm in U1 vs. 88.8 ppm in P1). Dose-dependent tests revealed that reduction efficiency increased with PPDA dosage (1.0 g, 32.3%; 0.5 g, 27.3%; 0.1 g, 21.1%), but gains plateaued beyond 0.5 g, suggesting economic feasibility at intermediate levels. The pilot-scale experiment, conducted in a mechanically ventilated pig house from May 13 to August 2, 2024, confirmed the short-term effectiveness observed in the chamber tests. During the first application period, the treatment group (P5) maintained approximately 50% lower NH3 concentrations than the control group (C2). However, the effect decreased to less than 5% during the second period, and concentrations converged with or exceeded those of the control group during the finishing stage. This decline was attributed to factors such as insufficient slurry mixing, dosage mismatch due to an increase in body weight, and physicochemical changes in the slurry environment. These findings indicate that PPDA effectively suppresses urea hydrolysis and reduces acute NH3 peaks, thereby functioning as a preventive mitigation strategy. Although its long-term efficacy under field-like conditions was limited, optimization of dosage, re-application intervals, and slurry management could enhance performance. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of PPDA to shift livestock odor management from conventional end-of-pipe approaches toward preventive control strategies, providing a scientific basis for integrated and sustainable odor mitigation.

환경 지속가능성에 대한 전 세계적인 관심이 고조되고 대체 단백질 공급원에 대한 수요가 증가하면서, 갈색거저리(Tenebrio molitor)는 중요 한 자원으로 인정받고 있다. 갈색거저리는 전 세계적으로 다양한 계통이 존재하며, 각 계통은 고유한 특성을 지니고 있어 특정 산업적 용도에 최적화 될 수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 그러나 갈색거저리 제품의 품질은 단순히 계통적 차이뿐만 아니라, 사육 후 관리(post-rearing) 및 생산 후 가공 (post-production processing) 과정에도 크게 영향을 받는다. 이러한 복합적인 요인들은 갈색거저리의 성공적인 산업화를 위한 해결 과제로 남아 있다. 본 종설은 갈색거저리 산업화의 최신 동향을 분석하고, 다양한 국제 사례 연구를 통해 국내 갈색거저리 산업이 직면하고 있는 현재의 한계점을 심층적으로 검토하였다. 이를 통해 국내 갈색거저리 산업의 지속적인 발전과 경쟁력 강화를 위한 방안을 모색하고자 한다.

Marine mines are placed in major ports with high cargo volumes and military ports where naval vessels are anchored, and can pose a significant obstacle to naval operations. Thus, minesweeping is a very important operation to open up sea route for warships and merchant ships to enter and exit easily. This paper describes the design and testing of underwater speaker for sweeping acoustic mines. In order predict the performance of the underwater speaker, an acoustic analysis was performed with a unit force of 1N applied to the diaphragm. Then, the driving force and displacement were calculated to satisfy the target performance. Since acoustic testing using microphones can generate undesirable noise sources under anechoic conditions, the results of accelerometer measurements were converted to source levels to predict the results. During the land tests, a laser displacement sensor was simultaneously used to verify the validity of the accelerometer measurement results. Finally, marine testing confirmed that the full-frequency sound pressure levels of the underwater speaker satisfied the target performance.

본 연구에서는 2016-2024년 여름 통영 연안에서 발생한 고수온 현상의 발생 기작을 분석하였다. 국립수산과학 원 실시간 해양수산환경 관측시스템, 기상청 해양기상부이 자료, ERA5 재분석 자료를 이용하여 여름철 고수온이 발생 하기 까지의 바람과 대기 복사의 영향을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 동풍 계열의 바람 응력이 급격한 수온 상승을 유발하 였으며, 표층 수온이 28oC에 도달하는 데 걸리는 시간은 짧게는 수일, 길게는 약 2주로 나타났다. 이러한 특성은 아표 층(15 m)에서도 동일하게 나타나 에크만 수송에 의한 외해 고온 표층수의 연안 유입이 통영 해역 고수온 발생에 큰 영 향을 미치는 것이 확인되었다. 기여도 분석에서는 바람에 의한 열수송 효과가 전체 수온 상승의 45-88%를 차지하는 것 으로 나타났다. 여기에 대기 복사가 더해지면서 고수온 현상이 발생함을 확인하였다. ERA5 재분석 자료 분석 결과, 티 벳 고기압과 북태평양 고기압의 확장이 최근 수십 년간 배경 수온 상승에 기여한 것으로 나타났으며, 8월에 동풍이 우세할 때 고수온 현상이 두드러지게 발생하였다. 따라서, 통영 연안의 고수온은 대규모 대기 순환 변화와 국지적 동풍 우세가 결합하여 나타난 현상임이 확인되었으며, 이러한 결과는 향후 기후변화에 따른 고수온 발생 가능성 평가와 연안 양식장 리스크 관리에 중요한 시사점을 제공한다.

과도한 조류 발생은 수생태계 교란과 수질 악화를 초래하는 대표적인 환경 문제로, 효과적인 관리와 대응을 위해 정확한 예측이 필요하다. 우리나라는 사계절의 기후 특성이 뚜렷하며, 수온이 상승하는 하절기에 조류 발생이 집중되는 경향을 보인다. 이에 따라 실시간 모니터링 자료는 대부분 저농도 상태가 유지되어 데이터 불균형 문제가 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 chlorophyll-a 농도를 기준으로 하천 현장의 조류 발생 수준을 Class 1 (Chl-a ≤ 10 ㎍/L), Class 2 (10 < Chl-a ≤ 50 ㎍/L), Class 3 (Chl-a > 50 ㎍/L)와 같이 3개의 class로 구분하고, 대표적인 앙상블 머신러닝 모형인 extreme gradient boosting (XGB) 알고리즘을 이용하여 조류 발생 수준을 예측하는 분류 모형을 구축하였다. 데이터 불균형 해소를 위해 생성형 인공지능 기반 알고리즘인 conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN)과 전통적인 데이터 보강 알고리즘인 synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE), 그리고 딥러닝 기반 기법인 autoencoder (AE)를 활용한 3가지 데이터 보강 알고리즘을 활용하여 데이터의 불균형을 개선한 자료를 생성하고 이를 XGB 모형에 적용하여 성능 변화를 비교하였다. 분석 결과 macro average 기준으로 원본 데이터를 사용한 모형의 recall은 0.606이었으나 SMOTE, AE 및 CGAN의 recall은 각각 0.666, 0.682, 0.720으로 크게 개선되었고, F1 score도 데이터 불균형 해소를 통해 약 7–13%의 성능이 향상되는 등 전체적으로 데이터 불균형 해소로 모형의 성능이 향상되었으며 CGAN이 가장 우수한 성능 개선 효과를 보이는 것으로 나타냈다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 데이터 불균형 해소를 통한 머신러닝 모형 성능 개선 가능성을 확인하였다.

Graphene, mechanically exfoliated as a single-atom-thick two-dimensional (2D) material, is renowned for its exceptional carrier mobility and mechanical strength, making it a highly promising material for a wide range of applications; however, following the synthesis of large-area, high-quality graphene, quality degradation, such as tearing, frequently occurs during the transfer process. Currently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) enables reliable synthesis of large-area graphene, and both wet and dry transfer methods are widely employed to transfer graphene onto various substrates. This study focuses on the wet transfer method to improve transfer efficiency by optimizing the interfacial adhesion among graphene, the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) support layer, and the target substrate. To enhance the efficiency of the wet transfer process, the PMMA concentration and ultraviolet ozone (UVO) treatment time were systematically optimized. As a result, a transfer yield of up to 97.16 % was achieved under optimized conditions consisting of 6 % PMMA concentration and 15 min of UVO exposure. This research contributes to the development of highly efficient graphene transfer techniques, which are crucial for reducing production costs and processing time in a wide range of advanced applications such as electronics, energy storage, biomedical devices, environmental monitoring, and materials science.

This study was conducted to analyze odor regulation policies of major countries and explore development directions for Korea’s odor management system through international comparison. Korea has achieved significant progress in odor management over the past 20 years since the enactment of the Odor Prevention Act in 2004, including the establishment of real-time monitoring systems, integrated complaint management systems, and scientific management infrastructure in major odor management areas such as Sihwa-Banwol Industrial Complex and metropolitan landfills in Incheon and Daejeon. To identify potential development directions, a literature review and comparative analysis were conducted on four regions: the United States, the European Union, Japan, and Singapore. The analysis revealed that each region has developed unique approaches: Japan’s Odor Judge system (involving 3,352 active professionals) for measurement standardization; the United States’s citizen science-based monitoring systems, such as the Odor Explore project that utilizes community participation; the EU’s preventive management policies through the application of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and land use planning integration; and Singapore’s systematic management approach through its myENV app and urban planning integration. Based on Korea’s existing achievements and international experiences, this study identified eight development areas, including measurement system standardization, management scope expansion, integrated management system enhancement, real-time monitoring implementation, technology development investment, complaint resolution mechanism improvement, preventive management system enhancement, and information transparency enhancement. This study proposes development directions that build upon Korea’s current infrastructure and policy achievements, considering the country’s unique socio-economic conditions and environmental characteristics. These directions are expected to contribute to the continuous advancement of Korea’s odor management system while leveraging existing strengths and addressing future challenges.

This study analyzed the structural performance of a microalgae-based lightweight ecological integration system for large-span structures to achieve carbon neutrality. To address the load problems of existing soil-based ecological systems, a lightweight system utilizing microalgae bioreactors was proposed, and structural performance was evaluated for four types of large-span structures: truss, arch, dome, and cable structures. Structural analysis results through finite element analysis showed that the proposed system achieved a 70% load reduction effect compared to existing systems, with structural performance improvements including 35-40% reduction in maximum deflection, 30-35% reduction in maximum stress, and 25-30% increase in natural frequency. Environmental performance analysis confirmed CO₂absorption capacity of 12-18 kg per m² annually and PM2.5 reduction effects of 15-25%. Economic analysis results indicated that benefits of 3.95-6.7 million KRW per year are generated for a 1,000 m²reference area, creating cumulative benefits of 179.75-227.5 million KRW over 25 years. Verification through the German BIQ House case confirmed CO₂reduction performance of 6 tons per year for 200 m², demonstrating the practical applicability of the system. This study presented the potential of an innovative ecological integration system that can ensure structural safety of large-span structures while simultaneously contributing to carbon neutrality.

This study investigated the legibility distance characteristics of variable speed limit signs and variable message signs under foggy conditions according to different luminance levels. In South Korea, the current installation standards for these signs are based on normal weather conditions, and empirical analyses of their visibility under adverse weather conditions remain limited. To address this issue, a controlled large-scale experiment was conducted at the Yeoncheon SOC Test Center, where artificial fog was generated in a tunnel environment. Seventeen elderly participants (average age: 70 years) participated in the experiment. They walked toward a sign to identify the distance at which it became legible. The experiment varied the fog visibility levels (50–80 m, 30–50 m, and 10–30 m) and display luminance (six levels). The results showed that as the fog density increased (that is, visibility decreased), the average legibility distance decreased. Conversely, higher luminance levels consistently improved legibility distance under foggy conditions. Under normal weather conditions, changes in luminance had a minimal impact on legibility. Compared with the minimum legibility distances calculated based on the design speed, many cases under foggy conditions failed to meet these thresholds, particularly at lower luminance levels. These findings indicate that the current luminance standards may not adequately ensure sign legibility under adverse weather conditions, underscoring the need for updated luminance guidelines that reflect environmental conditions. The results of this study provided quantitative data to support policy revisions and technical advancements aimed at improving road safety.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are promising photocatalysts with a broad light absorption range and high catalytic activity. However, conventional synthesis methods often involve toxic chemicals, limiting their environmental applicability. In this study, we developed an eco-friendly bio-templating method to synthesize hierarchical micro/nano-structured silver (MNAg) photocatalysts that uses plant leaves, including Nelumbo nucifera (lotus leaf), Rosa sp. (rose petal), and Limonium sinuatum (statice petal), as natural templates. By modifying the leaf surfaces with citrate functional groups, AgNPs were selectively formed along the microstructures of the templates, preserving their hierarchical morphology. MNAg photocatalysts were subsequently obtained through controlled calcination, and successfully retained the microscale structure of the original template. The surface morphology, chemical composition and crystalline structure of the MNAg were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the successful formation of hierarchical AgNPs. The optical behavior of the MNAg, characterized with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), demonstrated broadened absorption across the visible region, which is attributed to plasmonic coupling among the densely packed AgNPs, partially interconnected along the hierarchical surface. The photocatalytic performance of the MNAg materials was evaluated for methylene blue degradation under UV-Vis illumination. The MNAg derived from lotus leaves exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency. This study presents a sustainable route to hierarchical Ag photocatalysts, highlighting the potential of bio-inspired nanomaterials for environmental applications.

현대 사회에서 건강기능식품은 건강 유지와 증진을 위 한 필수 요소로 자리 잡고 있으며, 한국의 건강기능식품 시장은 빠르게 성장하고 있다. 그러나, 이러한 성장과 함 께 부작용 사례도 증가하고 있어 소비자들에게 잠재적 건 강상의 위험을 초래할 수 있다. 본 연구는 서울 및 수도 권을 포함한 5개 광역시에 거주하는 만 20세 이상 69세 이하의 성인 남녀 2,000명을 대상으로 건강기능식품에 대 한 인식과 구매 및 섭취 과정에서의 문제점을 파악하고자 하였다. 설문조사는 온라인으로 진행되었으며, 데이터는 SPSS 통계 프로그램을 통해 분석되었다. 주요 결과로는 응답자의 68.9%가 면역 기능 강화를 위해 건강기능식품 을 섭취하고 있었다. 또한, 소비자들은 주로 온라인 채널 을 통해 건강기능식품을 구매하는 경향이 있었으며, 정보 습득 경로로는 가족 및 친구, TV 프로그램, SNS 등이 주 요했다. 그러나, 응답자 중 21.2%가 부작용을 경험하였으 며, 이는 건강기능식품의 안전성에 대한 우려를 나타낸다 . 이번 연구에서는 소비자 교육과 정보 제공의 중요성을 강조하며, 건강기능식품의 올바른 선택과 섭취를 위한 체 계적인 교육과 정보 제공이 필요하다고 결론지었다. 이러 한 노력은 건강기능식품 시장의 지속 가능한 발전을 도모 하고 소비자 보호를 강화하는 데 기여할 것이다.

Dietary fiber plays a important role in improving gut micriobiome and reproductive performance in gestating sows. This study aimed to evaluate effects of dietary supplementation with domestically produced alfalfa, provided in pelleted or mashed form, on body weight, body condition, litter performance, fecal score and fecal microbiome in gestating sows. A total of nine crossbred F1 gilts (Yorkshire × Landrace) with an average body weight of 230.33 ± 12.63 kg at 50 days of gestation were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (n = 3 per treatment): (1) control (CON, basal diet), (2) Pellet (basal diet + 10% pelleted alfalfa), and (3) Mash (basal diet + 10% mashed alfalfa). Results indicated that alfalfa supplementation had no significant effect on weight gain during gestation (p>0.05), although sows in both alfalfa-supplemented groups showed numerically reduced weight loss during lactation compared to the control. The mashed alfalfa improved average daily weight gain of piglets during lactation (p<0.05). Moreover, the pelleted alfalfa alleviated constipation and numerically increased the relative abundance of positive microbes such as Firmicutes (phylum level), Lactobacillaceae and Ruminococcaceae (family level), and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_002 (genus level) (p<0.05). On the other hands, it numerically decreased the relative abundance of negative microbes such as Proteobacteria in phylum level and Escherichia_Shigella in genus level. These findings suggest that domestically grown alfalfa, particularly in pellet or mash form, may be a valuable dietary fiber source for gestating sows to support piglet performance, gut health, and welfare. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm these effects.

The rapid expansion of bridge and tunnel infrastructure has resulted in a growing incidence of wind-induced traffic accidents occurring at bridge approaches and tunnel portals. These accidents not only inflict direct damage on vehicles but also lead to substantial social and economic losses, stemming from roadway infrastructure repair and maintenance costs, as well as elevated logistics expenses due to traffic delays and congestion. In this study, a theoretical expression for the lateral displacement of vehicles as a function of wind speed was derived. Subsequently, lateral displacement and lateral wind force were analyzed and compared across vehicle types, considering both straight and curved roadway sections. An analysis of prevailing wind directions at each site revealed that, for passenger cars, the maximum lateral force and displacement on straight sections occurred at a wind incidence angle of 45°, whereas on curved sections with a pier curvature of 90°, the critical wind direction ranged from 0° to 120°. These results demonstrate that vehicle stability can be significantly compromised during high-speed travel under crosswind conditions. Based on departure trajectories of vehicles under varying wind speeds, a risk-assessment scale for wind-induced accidents was developed. In addition, design guidelines were proposed for the strategic placement of windbreak barriers to enhance driving safety under strong wind conditions.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary tryptophan supplementation on growth performance, skin lesions, and blood parameters in weaned piglets. A total of 144 piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc; initial BW: 6.63±0.21 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments, with six replicates of eight pigs each for 28 days. The treatments included a control diet (CON), a diet supplemented with 0.10 % tryptophan (T1), and a diet with 0.20% tryptophan (T2). Growth performance was assessed by measuring average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (G:F). Skin lesions were scored on days 14 and 28, and blood samples were collected at the end of each phase for analysis of growth hormone, cortisol, and serotonin levels. Results indicated that tryptophan supplementation improved ADG and G:F compared with the control, particularly in the T2 group. Skin lesion scores were lower in the tryptophan supplemented groups, suggesting reduced aggression. Furthermore, blood serotonin levels tended to increase and cortisol levels showed a decreasing trend in tryptophan-supplemented groups, suggesting potential stress mitigation. These findings suggest that dietary tryptophan supplementation can enhance performance and welfare in weaned piglets under stress.

본 연구는 소비자위해감시시스템(Consumer Injury Surveillance System, CISS)과 1372 소비자상담센터를 통 해 수집된 건강기능식품 관련 위해 사례를 분석하여, 소 비자가 겪는 부작용 및 불만 사항을 심층적으로 검토하였 다. 연구 결과, CISS를 통해 수집된 461건의 위해 사례는 주로 중장년층과 어린이·청소년층에서 많이 발생했으며, 가장 빈번하게 보고된 부작용은 피부 발진, 복통, 구토와 같은 신체 반응이었다. 특히, 50대와 10대 미만에서 부작 용 발생률이 높아, 이들 연령대에 대한 철저한 관리와 주 의가 필요함을 시사하였다. 또한, 홍삼, 유산균, 프로폴리 스 등에 대한 부작용 사례가 다수 보고되어, 제품의 판매 량에 영향이 있을 수 있으나, 해당 제품을 섭취하는 소비 자들에 대한 세심한 정보 제공과 주의가 요구됨을 확인하 였다. 부작용 중에서 가장 높은 비율을 차지한 것은 복통, 구토, 두드러기와 같은 피부 및 소화기관 관련 증상이었 으며, 이는 제품 섭취 전에 부패·변질 여부를 확인하는 것 이 중요함을 강조한다. 1372 소비자상담센터에 접수된 907 건의 상담사례 중 549건은 안전 문제와 관련되었고, 313 건은 표시·광고와 관련된 불만 사항이었다. 특히, 표시·광고와 관련된 불만은 제품 표시의 불충분함과 광고 내용의 신뢰성 부족에서 기인하였으며, 이는 소비자들이 제품 정 보를 정확히 얻지 못함으로써 발생하였다. 이에 대한 해 결책으로 제품 표시와 광고에 대한 규제 강화와 소비자 교육이 필요하다.